Root tip is covered by root cap. Therefore the apical meristem is said to be subterminal

(a) Helps in conduction of food materials in dicot leaf.
(b) Protection of the vascular bandle
(c) In some monocots, chloroplast containing bundle sheath participate in C₄ cycle (dark reaction of Photosynthesis)

The photoperiod required to induce flowering is called critical day length

1) Alcoholic fermentation
2) Lactic acid fermentation
3) Mixed acid fennenatation.

Haustoria.

Osmotic pressure	Osmotic potential
When a solution and its solvent (pure water)are separated by a semipermeable membrane, pressure is developed in the solution, due to the presence of dissolved solutes.	It is defined as the ratio between the number of solute particles and the number of solvent particles in a" solution Osmotic potential and osmotic pressure are numerically equal.

Channel protein and Carrier protein are two types of transport proteins present in cell membrane.

Channel Protein	Carrier Protein
Forms a channel/tunnel in the cell membrane for the easy passage of molecules to enter the cell. Eg: Porin	Acts as a vehicle to carry molecules from outside of the membrane to inside the cell and vice versa. There are 3 types of carrier protein.

Porous wood (or) Hard wood	Non Porous wood (or) Soft wood
Common in angiosperms	Common in gymnosperms
Porous because it contains vessels	Non-porous because it does not contain vessels
Eg: Morus	Eg: Pinus

The primary site for the exchange of gases is the alveoli. The uptake of O₂ and the release of CO₂ occur between the blood and tissues by simple diffusion driven by partial pressure gradient of O₂ and CO₂. Partial pressure is the pressure contributed by an individual gas in a mixture of gases. It is represented as pO₂ for oxygen and pCO₂ for carbon- dioxide. Due to pressure gradients, O₂ from the alveoli enters into the blood and reaches the tissues. CO₂ enters into the blood from the tissues and reaches alveoli for elimination. As the solubility of CO₂ is 20-25 times higher than that of O₂ the partial pressure of CO₂ is much higher than that of O₂.

Viruses possess characters of both living and non-living and also they does not have well defined body organisation. Hence they are not included in the category of microorganism.

The feather like gills of molluscs are called ctenidia.

'S' refers to Svedberg units named after Theoder Svedberg. The size of ribosome and their subunits are represented by Svedberg unit.

The criteria adopted for the classification include cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationship.

The optical increase in the size of an image is called magnification. It is calculated by the following formula
Magnification=\(\frac { size\ of\ image\ seen\ with\ the\ microscope }{ size\ of\ image\ seen\ with\ normal\ eye } \)

C-Value is the amount in picograms of DNA contained within a haploid nucleus.

S.No	Plant	Modified part for food storage
1	Carrot	Root
2	Colocasia	Stem
3	Aloe	Leaves

Bryophytes play a major role in soil formation through succession and help in soil conservation.

No, parthenocarpic fruits are developed without fertilization, but endosperm will form only after fertilization. So parthenocarpic fruits do not have endosperm.

1. Root: Tap root system, roots are nodulated , have tubercles containing nitrogen - fixing bacteria (Rhizobium leguminosarum)
2. Stem: Aerial, herbaceous, woody (dalbergia) twining or climbing Clitoria.
3. Leaf: Leaf simple or unifoliate (Crotalaria juncea) bifoliate (Zornia diphylla,), Trifoliate (Lab/ab purpureus), unipinnate or simple pinnate (Clitoria), alternate, stipulate, leaf base, pulvinate, stipulus 2, free. Leaves showing reticulate venation terminal leaflet modifies into a tendril in Pisum sativum.

Organic molecules may be small and simple. These simple molecules assemble and form large and complex molecules called macromolecules. These include four main classes - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

A stem that grows flat but becomes erect during reproductive stage. Example: Portulaca, Tridax, Lindenbergia

The term 'form genera' is used to name the fossil plants because the whole plant is not recovered as fossils instead organs or parts of the extinct plants are obtained in fragments.

 The study of Bacteria is called Bacteriology. Bacteria were first discovered by a Dutch scientist, Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 and were called "animalcules".

Bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid. Trypsin and chymotrypsin digest proteins. Carboxypeptidase digests peptides. Amylase digests starch and glycogen. Lipase digests lipids. Nuclease digests nucleic acids.

Growth in plants can be measured in terms of,
1) Increase in length or girth (roots and stems)
2) Increase in fresh or dry weight
3) Increase in area or volume (fruits and leaves)
4) Increase in number of cells produced.

(i) No. there is no scientific proof for this statement. During day time photosynthesis takes place oxygen is evolved.
(ii) This reaction requires light hence the above statement is incorrect.

(i) Mineral deficiency of plant A is due to Molybdenum
(ii) Mineral deficiency of plant B is due to Zinc

1. Depression is a functional deficiency of serotonin or norepinephrine or both. This disorder is characterized by a pervasive negative mood, loss of interest, an inability to experience pleasure and suicidal tendencies.
2. Antidepressant drugs increase the available concentration of these neurotransmitters in the CNS. Hence depression is treatable.

Oxytocin and vasopressin.

1. It is an endocrine gland found in the diencephalon of the brain.
2. It secretes the hormone melatonin which regulates sleep and wake cycle.

(i) The cornea is the only tissue in the body that can be transplanted from one person to another with little or no possibility of rejection.
(ii) This is because cornea does not have blood vessels.

The hormone oestrogen is secreted by the ovaries.
1. It stimulates the pituitary gland to release Luteinizing hormone which induces ovulation and maintains corpus luteum. Ovulation is the release of egg from the ovary by rupture of follicular cells.
2. It stops production of follicular stimulating hormone so that only one egg mature in a cycle.

1. Harvesting is done to capture the fishes from the water.
2. Well grown fishes are taken out for marketing.
3. Different methods of fishing are carried out to harvest fishes. These include Stranding, Angling, Traps, Dipnets, Cast nets, Gill nets, Drag nets and purse nets.

Thin myofilament have binding sites for calcium on the troponin molecules of the filament.

(i) It is the skeletal muscle glycogen analysis.
(ii) It is used to measure in Athlete's sporting performance by taking multiple biopsies.

1. Lac cut from the host plant is called stick lac.
2. The lac present on the twig is scraped and collected.
3. After grinding the unnecessary materials like dust and fine particles are removed.
4. The resultant lac is called seed lac.

A. I Bands.

(i) Definition: It is the amount of air inspired or expired with each normal breath
(ii) Volume: 500 mL (approximately)
(iii) Volume of respiration: 6000 to 8000 mL/minute
(iv) Volume on vigorous exercise: 4-10 times higher than normal

The Ammonotelic animals produce ammonia as nitrogenous waste product during excretion. Ammonia dissolves in water easily and hence this type of excretion is common in aquatic animals

Renal artery supplies (arterial) oxygenated blood and renal vein carries out deoxygenated blood (venous) from kidneys.

RBCs contain an enzyme carbonic anhydrase
(i) It catalyses the carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) which is unstable and breaks into HCO^-₃ and H⁺ ions.
(ii) This enzyme facilitates the reaction in both directions. They are

The secretions of the Brunner's gland along with the secretions of the intestinal glands constitute the intestinal juice or succus entericus. The enzymes in the intestinal juice such as maltase, lactase, sucrase (invertase), dipeptidases, lipases, nucleosidases act on the breakdown products of bile and pancreatic digestion.

The reduction in platelet number can lead to clotting disorders that result in excessive loss of blood from the body

In cockroach, blood is not responsible for transporting respiratory gases because the respiratory pigment is absent in their blood.

1. Artificial rearing or cultivation of earthworms involves new technology for the betterment of human beings. This process is known as Vermiculture.
2. The process of producing compost using earthworms is called Vermicomposting.

S.No.	Mitral Valve	semilunar Valve
1.	Found between left atrium and left ventricle.	Found at the entry of pulmonary artery and aorta.
2.	Has two flaps or cusps.	Has three flaps or cusps.
3.	Appear as flaps.	Appear as half moon shaped.
4.	Prevents the backword flow of oxygenated blood from left ventricle to left atrium.	Prevents the backward flow of deoxygenated blood into right ventricle and oxygenated blood into left ventricle.
5.	Also called as bicuspid valve.	Also called as pulmonary or aortic valves.

(i) Fan shaped 13 paired alary muscles support the 13 chambered tubular heart of cockroach.
(ii) One pair of these muscles is found in each segment on either side of the heart.
(iii) Tubular heart is firmly fixed with dorsal margin of the pericardial sinus by alary muscles.

(i) The dried solid excreta rich in urea released by pygidium of earthworms are earthworm casts or worm castings or worm pellets
(ii) They are released by anus due to the function of nephridia
(iii) Released worm castings increase the fertility of soil for plant growth
(iv) Worm castings are less released during rainy season

1. Ehlers- Danlos syndrome
2. Stickler syndrome
3. Rhabdomyosarcoma

(i) Blood is a typical fluid connective tissue because it functions as the transport medium for the cardiovascular system.
(ii) Eg: Transport of nutrients and wastes and transport of respiratory gases throughout the body.

The circulatory system is of two types,
1. Open type: The blood remains filled in tissue spaces due to the absence of blood capillaries.
Eg: Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms, and Urochordates
2. Closed type: The blood Is circulated through blood vessels of varying diameters (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
Eg: Annelids, Cephalochordates and Vertebrates.

Mule is sterile and cannot yield its offsprings because it is born from the cross made between different species like Male Donkey and Female Horse.

A multiple fruits which develop from hypanthodium inflorescence. It has a hollow or cup-shaped fleshy receptacle. Eg: Ficus.

When the male flowers and female flowers are produced in the same plant, it is called monoecious plant Eg: Coconut, Palm, Maize etc.

The process of building up or synthesis of complex substances from simpler ones.
Eg: Photosynthesis

Magnification:
1. The optical increase in the size of an image is called magnification. It is calculated by the following formula.
2. Magnification = \(\frac { size\ of\ image\ seen\ with\ the\ microscope }{ size\ of\ the\ image\ seen\ with\ normal\ eye } \)

1. Dalbergia latifolia (Rose wood).
2. Pterocarpus santalinus (Red sandalwood).

Fungi growing on dung are called coprophilous fungi. Eg : Pilobolus.

Property of self-regulation and tendency to maintain a steady state within an external environment which is liable to change is called Homeostasis. It is essential for the living organisms.

1. Anaphase-promoting complex cyclosome (APC/C) is a ubiquitin ligase.
2. It is a cluster of proteins that induces breaking down of cohesion proteins thus facilitating the separation of chromatids during mitosis.

(i) Root climbers: Plants climbing with the help of adventitious roots (arising from node). Eg: Piper betel,Piper nigrum, Pothos.
(ii) Stem climbers: These climbers lack specialised structure for climbing and the stem itself coils around the Support. Eg: Ipomoea, Clitoria, Quisqualis.

Homoiomerous	Heteromerous
Algal cells evenly distributed in the thallus	A distinct layer of algae and fungi present

Nitrogenous base	Inorganic base
In nitrogenous base the basic character is because of lone pair electron called lewis base	Inorganic base is because of hydroxyl ion that is Arrhenius base
Eg: Pyridine, Pyrimidine	Eg: NaOH

(i) Corti first observed protoplasm Felix Dujardin (1835) observed a living juice in animal cell and called it "Sarcode". Purkinje (1839) coined the term protoplasm for sap inside a plant cell. Hugo Van Mohl (1846) indicated importance of protoplasm.
(ii) Max Schultze (1861) established similarity between Protoplasm and Sarcode and O. Hertwig (1892) proposed a theory which later on called 'protoplasm theory' Huxley (1868) proposed protoplasm as a "physical basis of life".

Polypetalae: Plants with free petals and dichlamydeous flowers come under polypetalae. It is further divided into three series - (iii) Calyciflorae: It includes plant having flowers with cup shaped thalamus and with inferior or sometimes with half inferior ovary. It includes 5 orders and 27 families.

1. Genetic stability - Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cells.
2. Growth - As multicellular organisms grow, the number of cells making up their tissue increases. The new cells must be identical to the existing ones.
3. Repair of tissues - Damaged cells must be replaced by identical new cells by mitosis.

Male sex organ	- Spermatangium
Female sex organ	- Carpogonium

Xylem plates alternate with phloem plates. Eg: Lycopodium clavatum.

Closed circulatory system open circulatory system 1. Presence of blood vessels like arteries veins and capillaries. 1. No vessels 2. Blood flows within the heart blood vessels and capillaries. 2. Blood flows in sinuses due to the Absence of blood vessels. 3. Blood may have respiratory pigments like haemoglobin and haemocyanin or 'cu' pigment. 3. Blood does not have respiratory pigments. 4. Blood carries the respiratory and transportary functions. 4. Blood has only transportary function.  

1. The discovery of enzyme phosphorylase in guard cells by Hanes (1940) greatly supports the starch-sugar interconversion theory.
2. The enzyme phosphorylase hydrolyses starch into sugar and high pH followed by endosmosis and the opening of stomata during light. The vice versa takes place during the night.

MOET-Multiple Ovulation embryo transfer technology:
1. Advantage of this technology is to produce high milk yielding females and high-quality meat yielding bulls in a short time.
2. It is applicable in animal husbandry.
3. It is a method of propagation of animals with desirable traits.
4. This method can be applied when the success rate of cross over even in low cost.

(i) Bony fishes belongs to osteichthyes.
(ii) Notochord is replaced by skeletal system.
(iii) Body is spindle shaped.
(iv) Skin is covered by ganoid, cycloid and ctenoid scales.
(v) 4 paired filamentous gills covered by operculum to perform respiration.
(vi) Air bladder is independent to gut or dependent to gut.
(vii) Heart is ventral and two chambered.
(viii) Mesonephric kidneys excrete NH₃.
(ix) Lateral line sense organs are well developed (choose any three features).

S.No	Criteria	Monera
1.	Cell type	Prokaryotic
2.	Level of organization	Mostly unicellular, rarely Multicellular
3.	Cell wall	Present (made up of peptidoglycan and mucopeptides)
4.	Nutrition	Autotrophic (Phototrophic, Chemoautotrophic) Heterotrophic (Parasitic and Saprophytic)
5.	Motility	Motile or non-motile
6.	Organisms	Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinomycetes and Mycoplasma