In some Xerophytic plants (Example: Nerium), stomata is sunken beneath the abaxial leaf surface within stomatal crypts. The sunken stomata reduce water loss by transpiration.

Mixture of two phenoxy herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5- T is given the name 'Agent orange' which was used by USA in Vietnam war for defoliation of forest (chemical warfare).

1. Cruciform: Four petals arranged in the form of a cross. Example: Brassica, mustard, radish, cauliflower.
2. Caryophyllaceous: Five petals with long claws with limb at right angles to the claw. Example: Caryophyllaceae. Dianthus.
3. Rosaceous : Five to many sessile or minutely clawed petals with radiating limbs. Example: Rose, Tea.

(i) Eosinophils increase during certain types of parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
(ii) Eosinophils have distinctly bilobed nucleus and the lobes are joined by thin strands. They are non - phagocytic and constitute about 2 - 3% of the total WBCs.

These organisms which shares some of the characters of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In other words these are organisms intermediate between pro and eukaryotes.

(i) The drone is the functional male member of the colony.
(ii) The sole duty of the drone is to fertilize the virgin Queen hence called "King of the Colony"
(iii) During swarming the process of leaving the colony by the Queen with a large group of worker bees to form a new colony the drones follows the Queen, copulates and dies after copulation.

A. I Bands.

Renal artery supplies (arterial) oxygenated blood and renal vein carries out deoxygenated blood (venous) from kidneys.

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT of nephron).

(a) Clitellum Location: 14^th to 17^th segments appears as unsegmented externally
(b) Spermathecal openings: Location 6/7, 7/8 and 8/9 segments.

(i) Ommatidia are the visual units of compound eyes of cockroach.
(ii) Each ommatidium is functional as an eye unit.
(iii) Photoreceptors are dorsally found.
(iv) Each compound eye consists of 2000 simple eyes called ommatidia.
(v) All the visual images captured by ommatidia are made into a single coherent picture by supra oesophageal ganglion (brain).

The term 'Echinos' means spiny and 'dermos' means skin. These animals have a mesodermal endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles and hence they are called echinoderms or spiny skinned animals.

In pycnoxylic the secondary growth in wood is compact with narrow medullary ray. Eg. Pinus

Five major groups of hormones viz., auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid are presently known to coordinate and regulate growth and development in plants.

(i) If the phellogen forms a complete cylinder around the stem, it gives rise to ring barks. Eg: Quercus.
(ii) When the bark is formed in overlapping scale like layers, it is known as scale bark. Eg Guava.
(iii) While ring barks normally do not peel off, scale barks peel off.

Degree of obesity is assessed by body mass index (BMI). A normal BMI range for adult is 19-25; above 25 is considered as obese. BMI is calculated as body weight in Kg, divided by the square of body height in meters. For example, a 50 Kg person with a height of 160 ems would have a BMI of 19.5. That is BMI = 50/1.62 = 19.5

Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch is considered as the founder of modem bacteriology. He identified the causal organism for Anthrax, Cholera and Tuberculosis. He proved experimental evidence for the concept of infection (Koch's postulates).

1. Marginal (i) It is with the placentae along the margin of a unicarpellate ovary. (ii) Eg: Fabaceae.	4. Axile (i) The placentae arises from the column in a compound ovary with septa. (ii) Eg: Hibiscus, tomato lemon
2. Superficial (i) Ovules arise from the surface of the septa. (ii) Eg: Nymphaeaceae	5. Parietal (i) It is the placentae on the ovary walls or upon intruding partitions of a unilocular, compound Ovary. (ii) Eg: Mustard, Argemone, cucumber.
3. Free-central (i) It is with the placentae along the column in a compound ovary without septa. (ii) Eg: Caryophyllaceae, Dianthus, Primrose	6. Basal (i) It is the placenta at the base of the ovary. (ii) Eg: Sunflower(Asteraceae) Marigold

(i) Nitrogen fixation process requires Nitrogenase enzyme complex, Minerals (Mo, Fe and S), anaerobic condition, ATP, electron and glucose 6 phosphate as H⁺ donor.
(ii) Nitrogenase enzyme is active only in anaerobic condition.
(iii) To create this anaerobic condition a pigment known as leghaemoglobin is synthesized in the nodules which acts as oxygen scavenger and removes the oxygen.

Melanocytes are the cells responsible for-producing the skin pigment, melanin, which gives skin its colour and protects it from the sun's UV rays.

Nutritive values of fishes:
1. Fishes farm a rich source of protein food and provide a good staple food to tide over the nutritional needs of man.
2. Fish species such as sardines, mackerel, tuna, herrings have high amino acids concentrations particularly histidine which is responsible for the meaty flavor of the flesh.
3. It is rich in fat such as omega 3 fatty acids. Minerals such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, manganese, iodine and copper.
4. Some of the by-products are fish oil, fish meal, Isinglass.

(a) Urine
(b) Glomerular filtrate
(c) Urinary bladder
(d) afferent and efferent arterioles and venules of renel artery and renel vein.
(e) Excretion
(f) Bowman's capsule
(g) Ureters
(h) Micturition
(i) Balance of electrolytes minerals and organics
(j) excretory system
(k) micturition
(l) glucose, amino acid and liquids

1. Chitin is a homo polysaccharide with amino acids added to form mucopolysaccharide.
2. The basic unit is a nitrogen-containing glucose derivative known as N-acetyl glucosamine.
3. It forms the exoskeleton of insects and other arthropods. It is also present in the cell walls of fungi.

1. Chloroplast: Photorcspiration is the excess respiration taking place in photosynthetic cells due to absence of CO₂ and increase of 0₂. This condition changes the carboxylase role of RUISCO into oxygenase. C₂ Cycle takes place in Chloroplast, Peroxisome and Mitochondna. RUBP is converted into PGA and a 2C- compound Phosphoglycolate by Rubisco enzyme in chloroplast. Since the first product is a 2C- compound, this cycle is known as C₂ Cycle. Phosphoglycolate by loss of Phosphate becomes Glycolate.
2. Chloroplast: Glycolate formed in Chloroplast enters into Peroxisome to form Glyoxylate and Hydrogen peroxide. Glyoxylate is converted I into Glycine and transferred into Mitochondria.
3. Mitochondria: Two molecules of Glycine combine to form Serine. Serine enters into Peroxisome to form Hydroxy pyruvate. Hydroxy pyruvate with help of NADH + H⁺ becomes Glyceric acid. Glyceric acid is cycled back to Chloroplast utilising ATP and becomes Phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) and enters into the Calvin Cycle (PCR Cycle). Photorespiration does not yield any free energy in the form of ATP. Under certain conditions 50% of the Photosynthetic potential is lost because of Photorespiration.

Significance of photorespiration:
1) Glycine and Serine synthesised during this process are precursors of many biomolecules like chlorophyll, proteins, nucleotides, etc.
2) It consumes excess NADH + H+ generated.
3) Glycolate protects cells from Photo oxidation.

The bacterial cell reveals three layers
(i) Capsule / Glycocalyx
(ii) Cell wall
(iii) Cytoplasm
  
Capsule/Glycocalyx:
(i) Some bacteria are surrounded by a gelatinous substance which is composed of polysaccharides or polypeptide or both.
(ii) A thick layer of glycocalyx bound tightly to the cell wall is called capsule.
(iii) It protects cell from desiccation and antibiotics. The sticky nature helps them to attach to substrates like plant root surfaces, Human teeth and tissues.
(iv) It helps to retain the nutrients in bacterial cell.
Cell wall:
(i) The bacterial cell wall is granular and is rigid.
(ii) It provide protection and gives shape to the cell.
(iii)The chemical composition of cell wall is rather complex and is made up of Peptidoglycan or mucopeptide (N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl muramic acid and peptide chain of 4 or 5 aminoacids).
(iv) One of the most abundant polypeptide called porin is present and it helps in the diffusion of solutes.
Plasma membrane
(i) The plasma membrane is made up of lipoprotein. It controls the entry and exit of small molecules and ions. The enzymes involved in the oxidation of metabolites (i.e., the respiratory chain) as well as the photosystems used in photosynthesis are present in the plasma membrane.
Cytoplasm:
(i) Cytoplasm is thick and semi-transparent. It contains ribosomes and other cell inclusions. Cytoplasmic inclusions like glycogen, poly-\(\beta\)-hydroxybutyrate granules, sulphur granules and gas vesicles are present.

(i) Rhythmic contraction and expansion of heart is called heart beat.
(ii) The contraction of the heart is called systole.
(iii) The relaxation of the heart is called diastole.
(iv) The first heart sound (lub) is associated with the closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves whereas second heart sound (dub) is associated with the closure of the semilunar valves.
(v) The events that occur at the beginning of heart beat and lasts until the beginning of next beat is called cardiac cycle.

Photoperiodic induction
1) An appropriate photoperiod in 24 hours cycle constitutes one inductive cycle. Plants may require one or more inductive cycles for flowering.
2) The phenomenon of conversion of leaf primordia into flower primordia under the influence of suitable inductive cycles is called photoperiodic induction.
Example: Xanthium (SDP) - 1 inductive cycle and Plantago (LDP)- 25 inductive cycles.
Site of Photoinductive perception
1) Photoperiodic stimulus is perceived by the leaves.
2) Floral hormone is synthesised in leaves and translocated to the apical tip to promote flowering.
3) This can be explained by a simple experiment on Cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum), a short day plant.
4) Usually Xanthium will flower under short day conditions. If the plant is defoliated and kept under short day conditions it will not flower.
5) Flowering will occur even when all the leaves are removed except one leaf.
6) If a cocklebur plant is defoliated and kept under long day conditions, it will not flower.
7) If one of its leaves is exposed to short day condition and rest are in long day condition, flowering will occur.

Diabetes mellitus:
1. It is otherwise known as hyperglycaemia.
2. It is caused due to lower secretion of insulin. By this process blood glucose level is elevated. There are two types of diabetes mellitus. Types I and Type II.
3. Type I diabetes is known Insulin dependent diabetes, caused by the lack of insulin secretion due to illness or some viral infections.
4. Type II diabetes is also known as Non-Insulin dependent diabetes, caused due to lower secretion of insulin.
5. The half life period of insulin [in plasma] is only 6 minutes.
6. Symptoms of diabetes includes polyurea, polyphagia, polydipsia [excessive consumption of liquid due to thirst] ketosis [Breakdown of fat into glucose result in accumulation of ketone bodies in blood.]
Diabetes insipidus:
1. Diabetes insipidus is caused due to hypo secretion of vasopressin [ADH] from neuro hypophysis
2. The symptom includes frequent urination [Polyurea] and excessive consumption of liquid due to thirst [polydipsia]

1. The respiratory system of cockroach is well developed compared with other terrestrial insects.
2. Branched tubes known as trachea open through 10 pairs of small holes called spiracles or stigmata, present on the lateral side of the body.
3. Terminal branches of tracheal tubes are called tracheoles which carry oxygen to the entire body. The spiracles open and close by valves regulated by sphincter or spiracular muscles. Each tracheole is filled with a watery fluid through which exchange of gases takes place.
4. During high muscular activity, a part of the fluid is drawn into the tissues to enable more oxygen intake and rapid diffusion.
5. The passage of air in the tracheal system is:

Significance of Molecular Taxonomy:
1. It helps to identify a very large number of species of plants and animals by the use of conserved molecular sequences. 
2. Using DNA data evolutionary patterns of biodiversity are now investigated.
3. DNA taxonomy plays a vital role III phytogeography, which ultimately helps in genome mapping and biodiversity conservation.
4. DNA- based molecular markers used for designing DNA based molecular probes, have also been developed under the branch of molecular systematics.