The nitrogenous waste formed as a result of breakdown of amino acids is converted to urea in the liver by the Ornithine cycle or urea cycle

S.No.	Mitral Valve	semilunar Valve
1.	Found between left atrium and left ventricle.	Found at the entry of pulmonary artery and aorta.
2.	Has two flaps or cusps.	Has three flaps or cusps.
3.	Appear as flaps.	Appear as half moon shaped.
4.	Prevents the backword flow of oxygenated blood from left ventricle to left atrium.	Prevents the backward flow of deoxygenated blood into right ventricle and oxygenated blood into left ventricle.
5.	Also called as bicuspid valve.	Also called as pulmonary or aortic valves.

(i) The dried solid excreta rich in urea released by pygidium of earthworms are earthworm casts or worm castings or worm pellets
(ii) They are released by anus due to the function of nephridia
(iii) Released worm castings increase the fertility of soil for plant growth
(iv) Worm castings are less released during rainy season

(i) All the vertebrates commonly have dorsal nervous system
(ii) At the stage of development they have blastopore of embryo
(iii) Heart is developed ventrally
(iv) All vertebrates are three layered
(a) Ectoderm
(b) Mesoderm and
(c) Endoderm
(v) All verteberates are bilaterians
(vi) All verteberates are enterocoelomates

Zoo	Wild life sanctuary
Wild animals kept in protected environments under human care Eg: Zoological parks	Wild animals are maintained in the protected areas under various projects for various animals and maintained by the services of Government.

Lateral roots develop as extensions of the cells of pericycle in the anatomy of the root. Therefore they are said to be endogenous in origin.

(i) Corti first observed protoplasm Felix Dujardin (1835) observed a living juice in animal cell and called it "Sarcode". Purkinje (1839) coined the term protoplasm for sap inside a plant cell. Hugo Van Mohl (1846) indicated importance of protoplasm.
(ii) Max Schultze (1861) established similarity between Protoplasm and Sarcode and O. Hertwig (1892) proposed a theory which later on called 'protoplasm theory' Huxley (1868) proposed protoplasm as a "physical basis of life".

1. Genetic stability - Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cells.
2. Growth - As multicellular organisms grow, the number of cells making up their tissue increases. The new cells must be identical to the existing ones.
3. Repair of tissues - Damaged cells must be replaced by identical new cells by mitosis.

Xylem plates alternate with phloem plates. Eg: Lycopodium clavatum.

1. Marginal (i) It is with the placentae along the margin of a unicarpellate ovary. (ii) Eg: Fabaceae.	4. Axile (i) The placentae arises from the column in a compound ovary with septa. (ii) Eg: Hibiscus, tomato lemon
2. Superficial (i) Ovules arise from the surface of the septa. (ii) Eg: Nymphaeaceae	5. Parietal (i) It is the placentae on the ovary walls or upon intruding partitions of a unilocular, compound Ovary. (ii) Eg: Mustard, Argemone, cucumber.
3. Free-central (i) It is with the placentae along the column in a compound ovary without septa. (ii) Eg: Caryophyllaceae, Dianthus, Primrose	6. Basal (i) It is the placenta at the base of the ovary. (ii) Eg: Sunflower(Asteraceae) Marigold

A- Nucleus with nucleolus'
B- Myelin sheath
C- Dendrites
D- Nucleus
E- Schwann cell
F- Node of Ranvier

(i) The colourless fluid tissue circulated within the body is lymph.
(ii) A large number of lymphocytic cell concentrations in various lymphoid organs help to maintain immunity and disposal of cell debris.
(iii) Lacteals of lymphatic system absorb and transport some substances like fatty acids, glycerol, and vitamins A, D, E & K.

(i) This family consists of more than one species in the genus it is known as polytypic genus.
(ii) Species are intrageneric
(iii) A single genus is Felis which has a number of closely related species.
(iv) Different species of a single genus show the same morphological characteristics but their behavior varies
(v) Eg: Felis domestica (Domestic cat)
Felis margarita (Jungle cat)
Felis silvestris (Wild cat)

Probiotics	Pathogenic bacteria
Probiotic bacteria are beneficial.	Pathogenic bacteria are harmful.
Probiotic bacteria may be decomposers, photosynthetic and few may be pathogenic.	All are pathogenic and causing diseases.

S.no Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 1 It is unicellular It is unicellular and Multicellular 2 Many prokaryotes contain a single circular chromosome Eukaryotes contain multiple linear chromosomes 3 Prokaryotic chromosomes are condensed in the nucleoid via DNA super coiling Eukaryotic chromosomes are condensed in membrane bound nucleus via histones 4 In prokaryotes transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm In eukaryotes transcription occurs in nucleus and translation occurs in cytoplasm 5 Most prokaryotes contain only one copy of each gene that is they are haploid Most eukaryotes contain two copies of each gene that is they are diploid 6 Extra chromosomal DNA (i.e.) plasmids are present Eg: Bacteria Plasmids are absent. Eg: Plant cell, Animal cell

(i) Exercise and physical activity fall into four basic categories. Endurance, strength, balance and flexibility.
(ii) Endurance or aerobic activities increase the breathing and heart rate. They keep the circulatory system healthy and improve overall fitness.
(iii) Strength exercises make the muscles stronger. They help to stay independent and carry out everyday activities such as climbing stairs and carrying bags.
(iv) Balance exercises help to prevent falls which is a common problem in older adults. Many strengthening exercises also improves balance.
(v) Flexibility exercises help to stretch body muscles for more freedom of joint movements.
(vi) Regular exercises can produce the following beneficial physiological changes:
(vii) The muscles used in exercise grow larger and stronger.
(viii) The resting heart rate goes down.
(ix) More enzymes are synthesized in the muscle fibre.
(x) Ligaments and tendons become stronger.
(xi) Joints become more flexible.
(xii) Protection from heart attack.
(xiii) Influences hormonal activity.
(xiv) Improves cognitive functions.
(xv) Prevents Obesity.
(xvi) Promotes confidence, esteem.
(xvii) Aesthetically better with good physique.
(xviii) Overall well-being with good quality of life.
(xix) Prevents depression, stress and anxiety.
(xx) During muscular exercise, there is an increase in metabolism. The O₂ need of the muscles is increased. This requirement is met with more oxygen rich RBCs available to the active sites.
(xxi) There is an increase in heart rate and cardiac output. Along with balanced diet, physical activity plays a significant role in strengthening the muscles and bones.

A. Common hepatic duct
B. Common bile duct
C. Pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung)
D. Sphincter of Oddi
E. Cystic duct

The fruits are derived from single pistil where the pericarp is fleshy, succulent and differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. It is subdivided into the following.
(i) Berry: Fruit develops from bicarpellary or multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary. Here the epicarp is thin, the mesocarp and endocarp remain undifferentiated. They form a pulp in which the seeds are embedded. Eg: Tomato, Grapes, Brinjal.

(ii) Drupe: Fruit develops from monocarpellary, superior ovary. It is usually one seeded. Pericarp is differentiated into outer skinny epicarp, fleshy and pulpy mesocarp and hard and stony endocarp around the seed. Eg: Mango, Coconut.

(iii) Pepo: Fruit develops from tricarpellary inferior ovary. Pericarp turns leathery or woody which encloses, fleshy mesocarp and smooth endocarp. Eg: Cucumber, Watermelon, Bottle gourd, Pumpkin.

(iv) Hesperidium:Fruit develops from multicarpellary, multilocular, syncarpous, superior ovary. The fruit wall is differentiated into leathery epicarp with oil glands, a middle fibrous mesocarp. The endocarp forms distinct chambers, containing juicy hairs. Eg: Orange, Lemon.

(v) Pome: It develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary. The receptacle also develops along with the ovary and becomes fleshy, enclosing the true fruit. In pome the epicarp is thin skin like and endocarp is cartilaginous. Eg: Apple, Pear.

(vi) Balausta: A fleshy indehiscent fruit developing from multicarpellary, multilocular inferior ovary whose pericarp is tough and leathery. Seeds are attached irregularly with testa being the edible portion. Eg: Pomegranate.