Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis

Generalized convulsion, locking of jaws increased heart beat rate, increased body temperature, muscular spasm are the major symptoms of tetany.

1. Cortisol is a glucocorticoids involved in maintaining cardiovascular and kidney functions.
2. It produces anti-inflammatory reactions and suppresses the immune response

Oxytocin and vasopressin.

(i) The hormones are chemical messengers released into the blood and circulated as chemical signals.
(ii) They influence the metabolic activities of the body by means of hormones.
(iii) Deficiency or excess secretion of hormones will lead to disorders.
(iv) Thus hormones act as chemical messenger and coordinate different physical, physiological mental activities and maintain homeostasis.

(i) CCK is known as Cholecystokinin.
(ii) CCK is secreted by a group of specialized endocrine cells in duodenum in response to the presence of fat and acid in the diet.
(iii) CCK acts on the gall bladder to release bile into duodenum and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and its discharges.

Acromegaly is due to excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults.
Symptoms of acromegaly are :
Over growth of hand bones, feet bones, jawbones malfunctioning of gonads, enlargement of viscera, tongue, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, and also endocrine glands like thyroid, adrenal etc.

(i) Hormones coordinate different physical, physiological, mental activities and maintain homeostasis.
(ii) Maintenance of constant internal environment of the body by the different coordinating system.

1. A group of specialized endocrine cells present in gastro intestinal tract secretes hormones such as gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin and gastric inhibitory peptides.
2. Gastrin acts on the gastric glands and stimulates the secrete of HCI and pepsinogen.
3. Cholecystokinin [CCK] is secreted by duodenum in response to the presence of fat and acid in the diet.
4. Secretin acts on acini cells of pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions and water to neutralize the acidity.
5. Gastric inhibitory peptide [GIP] inhibits gastric secretion and motility.

(i) Pancreas is a dual hormone which performs both the function of exocrine and endocrine glands.
(ii) It is a leaf like structure composed of two major tissues such as acini and islets of Langerhans.
(iii) Insulin is a peptide hormone and play an important role in glucose homeostasis.
(iv) When entire pancreas is removed, the body is left without the cells that produce insulin and hormones that help maintain safe blood sugar level. This leads to diabetes.

(i) Adrenalin hormones secreted by adrenal medulla
(ii) Adrenal medulla secretes the hormones adrenalin and noradrenalin and are referred as 3F Hormones ie [fight, flight and fright hormones]
(iii) During emergency it increases heartbeat rate and blood pressure.
(iv) Adrenalin increases liver glycogen breakdown into glucose and increases the release of fatty acids from fat cells.
(v) It stimulates the smooth muscles of cutaneous and visceral arteries to decrease blood flow.
(vi) It increase blood flow to the skeletal muscles thereby increases the metabolic rate of skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles and nervous tissue.

Cretinism is due lower secretion of growth hormone in infants; [ie] hypothyroidism.
Symptoms of Cretinism:
In infants, hypothyroidism causes cretinism .A cretin shows
1. Retarded skeletal growth
2. Absence of sexual maturity.
3. Retarded mental ability.
4. Thick wrinkled skin.
5. Protruded enlarged tongue.
6. Bloated face.
7. Thick and short limbs occurs

S.No. Hyperglycaemia Hypoglycaemia 1. It is a disorder caused due to lower secretion of insulin hormone It is a disorder caused due to increased secretion of insulin
hormone 2. Hyperglycemia is otherwise known as Diabetes mellitus Hypoglycemia is otherwise known as
Diabetes insipidus 3. Blood glucose level is increases Blood glucose level is decreases 4. Different types are seen. Like Type
I - Insulin dependent diabetes.
Type II-Non Insulin dependent
diabetes. Symptoms are glucose
level increase like polyurea [excessive urination] polyphagia [excessive intake of food] polydipsia [excusive fluid intake due to thirst] ketosis etc. Symptoms are Glucose level lowers than normal fasting index, increased heart beat, weakness, nervousness, brain defects like epilepsy,coma etc.

(i) A pair of adrenal glands are located at the anterior end of the kidneys. The outer region is the cortex and the inner region is the medulla.
(ii) The adrenal cortex has three distinct zones, they are 1. Zona glomerulosa 2. Zona fasciculata and 3. Zona reticularis.
(iii) Zona glomerulosa an outer thin layer constitutes about 15% of adrenal cortex and its secretes mineralocorticoids.
(iv) Zona fasiculata, the middle layer constitutes about 75% of adrenal cortex and secretes glucocorticoids such as cortisol, corticosterone and trace amounts of adrenal androgen and oestrogen.
(v) Zona Reticularis, an inner zone of adrenal cortex constitute about 10% of adrenal cortex and secretes the adrenal cortex androgen, trace amount of oestrogen and glycocorticoids.

Diabetes mellitus:
1. It is otherwise known as hyperglycaemia.
2. It is caused due to lower secretion of insulin. By this process blood glucose level is elevated. There are two types of diabetes mellitus. Types I and Type II.
3. Type I diabetes is known Insulin dependent diabetes, caused by the lack of insulin secretion due to illness or some viral infections.
4. Type II diabetes is also known as Non-Insulin dependent diabetes, caused due to lower secretion of insulin.
5. The half life period of insulin [in plasma] is only 6 minutes.
6. Symptoms of diabetes includes polyurea, polyphagia, polydipsia [excessive consumption of liquid due to thirst] ketosis [Breakdown of fat into glucose result in accumulation of ketone bodies in blood.]
Diabetes insipidus:
1. Diabetes insipidus is caused due to hypo secretion of vasopressin [ADH] from neuro hypophysis
2. The symptom includes frequent urination [Polyurea] and excessive consumption of liquid due to thirst [polydipsia]