Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide made up of thousands of glucose units. In this case, \(\beta\)-glucose units are held together by 1,4 glycosidic linkage, forming long unbranched chains. Cellulose fibres are straight and uncoiled. It has many industrial uses which include cellulose fibres as cotton, nitrocellulose for explosives, cellulose acetate for fibres of multiple uses and cellophane for packing.

Most plants, fungi and other microbes synthesizes a number of organic compounds. These components are called as metabolites which are intermediates and products of metabolism. The term metabolite is usually restricted to small molecules. It can be categorized into two types namely primary and secondary metabolites based on their role in metabolic process.
1.Primary metabolites are those that are required for the basic metabolic processes like photosynthesis, respiration, protein and lipid metabolism of living organisms.
2. Secondary metabolites does not show any direct function in growth and development of organisms.

Hydrogen Bond: It is formed between some hydrogen atoms of oxygen and nitrogen in polypeptide chain. The hydrogen atoms have a small positive charge and oxygen and nitrogen have small negative charge. Opposite charges attract to form hydrogen bonds. Though these bonds are weak, large number of them maintains the molecule in 3D shape.
Ionic Bond: It is formed between any charged groups that are not joined together by peptide bond. It is stronger than hydro.gen bond and can be broken by changes in pH and temperature.
DIsulfide Bond. Some amino acids like cysteine and methionine have sulphur. These form disulphide bridge between sulphur atoms and amino acids.
Hydrophobic Bond This bond helps some protein to maintain structure. When globular proteins are in solution, their hydrophobic groups point inwards away from water.

The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the enzyme concentration.

When the initial rate of reaction of an enzyme is measured over a range of substrate concentrations (with a fixed amount or-enzyme) and the results plotted on a graph. With increasing substrate concentration, the velocity increases - rapidly at lower substrate concentration.

(i) These are made of hundreds of monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides also called "Glycans".
(ii) Long chain of branched or unbranched monosaccharides are held together by glycosidic bonds.
(iii) Polysaccharide is an example of giant molecule, a macromolecule and consists of only one type of monomer.
(iv) Polysaccharides are insoluble in water and are sweetless. Cellulose is an example built from repeated units of glucose monomer.
(v) Depending on the function, polysaccharides are of two types: Storage Polysaccharide and structural Polysaccharide.

Agar is a Mucopolysaccharide from red algae. It is Used as solidifying agent in culture medium in laboratory.

Inulin is a Polymer of fructose. It is not metabolised in the human body and is readily filtered through the kidney.

1. Prokaryotic mRNA (Polycistronic) carry coding sequences for many polypeptides.
2. Eukaryotic mRNA (Monocistronic) contains information for only one polypeptide.

Single-stranded, carries a copy of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins. It is very unstable and comprises 5% of total RNA polymer