The inner membrane is convoluted (infoldings), called crista (plural: cristae). Cristae contain most of the enzymes for electron transport system.

Particle is engulfed by membrane, which folds around it and forms a vesicle. The enzymes digest the material and products are absorbed by cytoplasm.

The Carbohydrate molecules of cell membrane are short chain polysaccharides. These are either bound with 'glycoproteins' or 'glycolipids' and form a 'glyocalyx'.

It is the first layer inner to middle lamellae, primarily consisting of loose network of cellulose microfibrils in a gel matrix. It is thin, elastic and extensible.

These organisms which shares some of the characters of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In other words these are organisms intermediate between pro and eukaryotes.

The three types of cells are Prokaryotes, Mesokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

Particles or molecules of protoplasm are adhered with each other by forces, such as Vander Waal's bonds, that hold long chains of molecules together.

Yes the DNA of Mitochondria and chloroplast is referred to as extra genomic DNA. Note: Plasmid is extra chromosomal DNA found in Bacteria.

1. They have DNA in the matrix and are not dependent upon nuclear DNA and cytoplasmic ribosomes for synthesis of proteins.
2. Hence chloroplast and mitochondria are called semi autonomous organelles.

1. The size of ribosomes and their 'subunits are usually given in Svedberg unit (named after Theodor Svedberg)'.
2. It is a measure of a particle size dependent on the speed with which particle sediment in the ultracentrifuge.

In a Chromosome apart from primary constriction, secondary constrictions occur. The nucleoli develop from secondary constrictions and such secondary constrictions are called nucleolar organizer regions.

1. Holocentric Chromosomes have centromere activity distributed along the whole surface of the Chromosome during mitosis.
2. Holocentric condition can be seen in Caenorhabditis elegans (transparent nematode) and many insects.

1. Telomere is the terminal part of Chromosome.
2. It offers stability to the Chromosome.

(i) Corti first observed protoplasm Felix Dujardin (1835) observed a living juice in animal cell and called it "Sarcode". Purkinje (1839) coined the term protoplasm for sap inside a plant cell. Hugo Van Mohl (1846) indicated importance of protoplasm.
(ii) Max Schultze (1861) established similarity between Protoplasm and Sarcode and O. Hertwig (1892) proposed a theory which later called the 'protoplasm theory' Huxley (1868) proposed protoplasm as a "physical basis of life".

(i) A beam of electrons passes through the specimen to form an image. It provides two-dimensional image.
(ii) The magnification is 1-3 lakhs times and resolving power is 2 - 10 Å.