Root tip is covered by root cap. Therefore the apical meristem is said to be subterminal

Parenchyma which contains air in its intercellular spaces. It helps in aeration and buoyancy. Example: Nymphaea and Hydrilla.

Trichomes are helpful in the dispersal of seeds and fruits, and provide protection against animals

The unicellular or multicellular appendages that originate from the epidermal cells are called trichomes which may be branched or unbranched, glandular or non-glandular. Eg: Rose

A hydathode is a type of epidermal pore, commonly found in higher plants. Structurally, hydathodes are modified stomata, and discharge liquid water (guttation).

(i) In Monocot stem, Xylem vessels are arranged in the form of 'Y'. The two metaxylem vessels are located at the upper two arms and one or two protoxylem vessels occur at the base.
(ii) In a mature bundle, the lowest protoxylem disintegrates and forms a cavity known as protoxylem lacuna.

In Dicot stem, a few layers of sclerenchyma cells occur in patches outside the phloem in each vascular bundle. This patch of sclerenchyma is called Bundle cap or Hard bast.

In some Xerophytic plants (Example: Nerium), stomata is sunken beneath the abaxial leaf surface within stomatal crypts. The sunken stomata reduce water loss by transpiration.

(i) In some plants in addition to guard cells, specialised epidermal cells are present and are called Subsidiary cells.
(ii) The guard cells and subsidiary cells help in opening and closing of stomata during gaseous exchange and transpiration.

Cell formed by fusion of cells is called syncyte. : Eg: Vessels (dead syncyte) Sieve tube (living syncyte)

The fibres of sclerenchyma associated with phloem are called phloem fibres or Bast fibres. They are narrow, vertically elongated and have small lumen. It Is the only dead tissue in phloem. They give support.

(i) They are analogous to companion cells of phloem (Angiosperms).
(ii) They have cytoplasm, nucleus and are: parenchymatous, seen with sieve cells (Phloem) of Gymnosperms.

Gymnosperms have only xylem tracheids. Gnetum is a Gymnosperm in which xylem vessels are seen.

Pear, Strawberry, Guava, Kiwi.

The cells of sclerenchyma & tracheids become dead because they lack protoplasm