The carriers, accepting goods for transport, issue waybill in the name of the consignor or consignee. It is also an acknowledgement of receipt of goods for transport by the carrier. It is a document of title to goods as well as an evidence of the contract of the transport.

The Surface or Land transport consists of :
(i) Pack Animals
(ii) Bullock Cart
(iii) Road Transport
(iv) Motor Lorries, Buses
(v) Tramways
(vi) Railway Transport

According to K.K. Sexena, "the transport system acts with reference to the area it serves in the same way as a candle does in a dark room".

(i) The carrier, accepting goods for transport, issues way bills in the name of the consignors or consignees.
(ii) It is also an acknowledgment of receipt of goods for transport by the carrier.
(iii) It is an evidence of the contract of transport. It is also a document of title of goods.

Transport can be divided into three important kinds.
(i) Land Transport
(ii) Water Transport
(iii) Air Transport

1. It is considered as the cheapest mode of transport among the other modes of transport.
2. There is lesser pollution in water transports.

Railways, shipping

The term 'transport' includes all the clerical, mental and manual occupation involved in the operation of road, rail, canal, sea and air transport.

Container ships are specially constructed for the transport of cargo in containers. Goods packed into containers are loaded on container ships and delivered to the consignee in the same manner. Container ships are becoming very popular in the present day of increasing demand for goods.

(i) An ocean liner is a passenger ship primarily used as a form of transportation across seas or oceans. Liners may also carry cargo or mail.
(ii)They sail to schedule, whether they have a full load or not. They follow defined routes with fixed places and times.
(iii) Regularity of service, good speed and luxurious facilities to passengers are the specialties of liners. They are Passenger liner and Cargo liners.

When goods are to be consigned in large quantity, it is advantageous to hire the whole or substantial part of the ship. The document through which this contract is made in known as 'Charter Party'. This may be known as 'Voyage Charter' or 'Time Charter',

Bill of Lading is a document containing the terms and conditions of the contract of carriage. It is issued by the shipping company and signed by the captain of the ship. It acknowledges the fact of receipt of the goods described in it on board the ship.

1. General cargo ship
2. Bulk carriers
3. Container ships
4. Auto carrier
5. Tankers
6. Fishing vessels
7. Oil vessels
8. Passengers ships 
9. Ferryboats
10. Tow and tugboats
11. Specialized ships

(i) Air transport is the fastest and the costliest mode of transport. Commercial air transport is now one of the most prominent modes of overseas transport.
(ii) Air travel can be separated into two general classifications.
1. National/Domestic Flights; and
2. International flights. Flights operated from one point to another point within the same country is called domestic flights.
(iii) Flights operated from one point of one country to another point of another country is known as International Flights.
Advantages :
1. It provides a regular,convenient, efficient and quick service.
2. Perishable goods like fruits, vegetables, egg, meat, etc., can be transported quickly.
3. It does not require huge investment for construction and maintenance of track like railways.
4. They provide comfortable services for passengers and safety for their goods.
5. It can be used to move goods to areas, which are inaccessible to other means of transport.
6. It is very much helpful for flood or landslide and war rises to the occasion to save human life from danger.
Disadvantages of Air Transport : 
1. It is a very costly mode of transport.
2. Air craft are not quite suitable for carrying heavy loads and weights.
3. It is not dependable because of unfavorable weather which may disturb the air service suddenly.
4. The construction and maintenance of aerodromes involves a huge capital expenditure.
5. Every country controls the air space above its territory. Therefore, an aeroplane cannot fly over another country without obtaining its prior permission to concern authority.

Advantages of Railway Transport :
(i) Railways are well suited for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long distances.
(ii) It can provide long distance travel throughout the day and night with unbroken services.
(iii) It can provide better production and safety to the goods than motor transport. The goods generally carried in closed wagons and are not exposed to sun, rain etc.
(iv) Though initial investment is large, in the long run the operating expenses will be very low in railways and it will prove a cheaper mode of transport.
(v) It requires less time than motor transport for carrying goods over long distance with greater speed.
(vi) It has regular schedule of timing and is available throughout the year.
(vii) It provides unaffected services whether rain or shine.
Disadvantages of Railway Transport :
(i) Railway rates are higher than motor transport for transporting light weight articles over short distance.
(ii) It is inflexible, as it tied to a particular track which cannot deviate from the set routes.
(iii) In rural areas, it cannot offer adequate traffic because of uneconomical operating cost.
(iv) It requires heavy investment for installation of tracks and maintenance.
(v) If railways are not fully utilized and if wagons and coaches are half empty to its capacity, a heavy financial burden will be cast on the railway.