In the form of
(i) Digital certificates
(ii) Digital signature

Functions can be classified into two types.
(i) Pre-defined or Built-in or Library Functions
(ii) User-defined Function.

Declaring a constructor with arguments hides the compiler generated constructor. After this we cannot invoke the compiler generated constructor.

Setw manipulator sets the width of the field assigned for the output. The field width determines the minimum number of characters to be written in output.
Syntax: setw(number of characters)

No, the loop condition do not affect the loop invariant. Because the loop invariant is true at four points.
(i) at the start of loop
(ii) at the start of each iteration
(iii) at the end of each iteration
(iv) at the end of the loop

statement	condition
A statement is a phrase that commands the computer to do an action.	A condition is a phrase that describes a test of the state.
In flow chart rectangular box is used	In flow chart diamond box is used
Ex. x: = 5	Ex. If C SI else S2

 A bus is a collection of wires used for communication between the internal components of a computer.

(i) Keeping track of which portion of memory are currently being used and who is using them.
(ii) Determining which processes (or parts of processes) and data to move in and out of memory.
(iii) Allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks as needed by the program in main memory. (Garbage Collection).

The Components of CPU are (a) Control Unit, (b) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), (c) Memory Unit.

(i) Inheritance is an important feature of object oriented programming used for code reusability. It is a process of creating new classes called derived classes, from the existing or base classes.
(ii) Inheritance allows us to inherit all the code (except declared as private) of one class to another class. The class to be inherited is called base class or parent class and the class which inherits the other class is called derived class or child class.
(iii) The derived class is a power packed class, as it can add additional attributes and methods and thus enhan e its functionality.

Function overloading can be applied for constructors, as constructors are special functions of classes. A class can have more than one constructor with different signature. Constructor overloading provides flexibility of creating multiple type of objects for a class.
1. Memory is allocated for the objects.
2. Initialisation for the objects.

Modularization: where the program can be decomposed into modules.
Software re-use: where a program can be composed from existing and new modules.

"An array is a collection of variables of the same type that are referenced by a common name".
An array is also a derived datatype in C++.
There are different types of arrays used in C++. They are:
1. One-dimensional arrays
2. Two-dimensional arrays
3. Multi-dimensional arrays

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout<<"\n PRINT SERIES";
for (int i=1;i< 40; i=i+3)
cout << i << "1+";
cin.get():
return ();
}

Conditional statement: Sometimes we need to execute a statement only if a condition is true and do nothing if the condition is false. This is equivalent to the alternative statement in which the elseclause is empty. This variant of alternative statement is called a conditional statement. If C is a condition and S is a statement, then
 if      C
    S
is a statement, called a conditional statement, that describes the following action:
1. Test whether C is true or false.
2. If C is true then do S; otherwise do nothing.
The conditional control flow is depicted in the flowchart.

(i) Easy interaction between the human and computer.
(ii) Starting computer operation automatically when power in turned on (Booting).
(iii) Controlling input & output devices.
(iv) Managing the utilization of main memory.
(v) Providing security to user program.

a) AND gate truth table

A	B	C
0	0	0
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	1

b) OR Gate Truth table

A	B	C
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	1

c) Not Gate Truth Table

A	A
0	1
1	0

Abstraction :
It is the facility to define objects. It also involves removal of unnecessary attributes and defining only essential attributes.
For example, when we represent the state of a process we select only the variables essential to the problem and ignore inessential details.

Output:
Parameterized Constructor of class-simple
Parameterized Constructor of class-simple
Object 1
The two integers are ..10 20
The sum of the variables 10 + 20 = 30
Object 2
The two integers are ..30 45
The sum of the variables 30 + 45 = 75

(i) First of all constructor of class MNC will be called then of Branch and then at last of Outlet.
(ii) 129
(iii) MNC : EnterData(); MNC : : DisplayData 0,
Branch: :AddQ Branch: : show Outlet Enter 0.
Outlet: : Output ( ).
(iv) MNC: Country

(i) Constructor overloading (function 1 and function 4 are constructors with different signatures in the class book)
(ii) Function 3 is destructor of the class. Function 3 is executed when the object of the class book goes out of scope.
(iii) Function 3 is destructor of the class.
1. Destructor (function3) will free resources if any that the object may have acquired during its lifetime
2. Destructor function removes the memory of an object which was allocated by the constructor at the time of creating an object. Thus frees the unused memory.
(iv) book b;
b.display (4.5);
(v) Book: :Book (int sc.char.s[], float, F) // Function 4
{
Book Code SC
strcpy (Book name, S);
fees-F;
}

#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int arr1[3][3], arr2[3][3], arr3[3][3], sub, i, j;
cout<<"Enter 3*3 Array 1 Elements:";
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
cin>>arr1[i][j];
}
}
cout<<"Enter 3*3 Array 2 Elements:";
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
cin>>arr2[i][j];
}
}
cout<<"Subtracting array (array l-array2)..."<<endl;
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
arr3[i][j]-arr1[i][j]-arr2[i][j];
}
}
cout<<"Result of Array 1 - Array2 is:"<<endl;
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
cout<<arr3[i][i]<<"\";
}
}
return 0;
}
Output
Enter 3*3 Array 1 Elements:
10 11 12
13 14 15
16 17 18
Enter 3*3 Array 2 Elements:
123
456
789
Subtracting array(array1-array2)
Result of Array 1 -  Array 2 is:
9 9 9
9 9 9
9 9 9

A function that calls itself is known as recursive function. And, this technique is known as recursion.
#include
using namespace std;
int factorial(int);//Function prototype//
int main ()
{
int no;
cout <<"\nEnter a number to find its factorial;";
cin>>no;
cout <<"\nFactorial of Number" < return 0;
}
int factorial(int m)
{
if (m>1)
{
return m*factorial(m-1);
}
else
{
return 1;
}
}
Output:
Enter a number to find its factorial: 5
Factorial of Number 5 = 120

Control statements are statements that alter the sequence of flow of instructions.
Types of control statements:
1. Selection statement
The selection statement means the statement (s) executed, depends upon a condition. If a condition is true, a true block (a set of statements) is executed otherwise a false block is executed. This statement is also called decision statement or selection statement because it helps in making decision about which set of statements are to be executed.

2. Iteration (or looping) statement
An iteration (or loop) is a sequence of one or more statements that are repeatedly executed until a condition is satisfied. These statements are also called as control flow statements. It is used to reduce the length of code to reduce the time to execute program and takes less memory space.

Copying Files and Folders to removable disk:
There are several methods of transferring files to or from a removable disk:
(i) Copy and Paste
(ii) Send To
METHOD I - Copy and Paste
(i) Plug the USB flash drive directly into an available USB port.
(ii) If the USB flash drive or external drive folder does NOT open automatically, follow these steps:
(iii) Click → Start Computer.

(iv) Double-click on the Removable Disk associated with the USB flash drive.

(v) Navigate to the -folders in your computer containing files you want to transfer. Right-click on the file you want to copy, then select Copy.

(iv) Return to the Removable Disk window, right-click within the window, then select Paste.

METHOD II - Send To
(i) Plug the USB flash drive directly into an available USB port.
(ii) Navigate to the folders in your computer containing files you want to transfer.
(iii) Right-click on the file you want to transfer to your removable disk.
(iv) Click Send To and select the Removable Disk associated with the USB flash drive.

Let the variables a, b, c represent Glass A, Glass B and Glass C and a, b, c can store values APPLE, GRAPE or EMPTY.
Specification:
1 exchange (a, b)
2-inputs: a, b: APPLE, GRAPE
3-outputs: a, b: = GRAPE, APPLE
Algorithm:
1. exchange (a, b)
2. a, b, c :- APPLE, GRAPE, EMPTY.
3. c:=b
4. -- a, b, c :- APPLE, EMPTY, GRAPE,
5. b:= a
6. --a, b, c = EMPTY, APPLE, GRAPE
7. a: = c
8. --a, b, c = GRAPE, APPLE, EMPTY

S.No	Type of Mouse	Mechanism	Developed and Introduced
1		1. A small ball is kept inside and touches the pad through a hole at the bottom of the mouse. 2. When the mouse is moved, the ball rolls. 3.This movement of the ball is converted into signals and sent to the computer.	Telefunken, German Company, 0211011968
2		1. Measures the motion and acceleration of pointer. 2. It uses light source instead of ball to judge the motion of the pointer. 3. Optical mouse has three buttons. 4. Optical mouse is less sensitive towards surface.	In 1988, Richard Lyon, Steve Krish independently invented different versions of Optical Mouse.
3		1. Measures the motion and acceleration of pointer. 2. Laser Mouse uses Laser Light. 3. Laser Mouse is highly sensitive and able to work on any hard surface.

(a) Clock speed-Each microprocessor has an internal clock that regulates the speed at which it executes instructions. The speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions is called clock speed. It is measured in MHz vi in GHz.
(b) Instructions set - The set of machine level instructions that a microprocessor is designed to execute is called as an instruction set. This carries 4 types of operations. They are
1. Data transfer
2. Arithmetic operations
3. Logical Operations
4. Control flow
5. Input/output
(c) Word size - The number of bits that can be processed by a processor in a single instruction is called as its word size. It determines the amount of RAM that can be accessed at one time and the total number of pins on the microprocessor. Total number of input and output pins in turn determines the architecture of the microprocessor.