11th Standard Computer Science Unit 1 Introduction to Computers Book Back Questions

Introduction to Computers

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Primary Memory	Secondary memory
It is directly accessed by CPU.	It is not directly accessed by CPU.
The access of memory is done by making use of addresses or data buses.	Here the Memory access is done through the input and output channels.
The Primary memory is embedded with 2 types of technologies. They are RAM and ROM.	The secondary memory are stored in mass storage units like CD ROM, CD, DVD, Floppy disk storage.
Volatile in nature.	Non-Volatile in nature.
Much faster than the secondary Memory.	Slower than the Primary Memory.
Costlier than secondary memory.	Cheaper than the Primary Memory.
It is temporary memory.	Secondary memory is permanent.

Input Unit	Output Unit
An input device feeds information to a computer system for processing.	output device reproduces or displays the results of that processing.
Input devices only allow for input of data to a computer.	output devices only receive the output of data from another device.
It is a peripheral device used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as computer.	It is a unit which sends data from the computer to another device.
Eg. keyboard, mouse	Eg. printer, monitor

Computers size was drastically reduced. S.No	Generation	Period	Main Component used	Merits/ Demerits
1	First Generation	1942-1955		Big in size Consumed more power Malfunction due to overheating Machine Language was used Eg : ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC
First Generation Computer - ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC 1 ENIAC weighed about 27 tons, size 8 feet x 100 feet x 3 feet, and consumed around 150 watts of power
2	Second Generation	1955-1964		Smaller compared to First Generation Generated Less Heat Consumed less power compared to first-generation Punched cards were used. The first operating system was developed Batch Processing and Multiprogramming Operating System Machine language, as well as Assembly language, was used.
Second Generation Computers IBM 1404, IBM 1620, UNIVAC 1108
3	Third Generation	1964-1975		Computers were smaller, faster, and more reliable Consumed less power. High-Level Languages were used.
Third Generation Computers -IBM ·360 series, Honeywell 6000 series
4	Fourth Generation	1975-1980		Smaller and Faster Microcomputer series such as IBM and APPLE was developed Portable Computers were introduced.
5	Fifth Generation	1980-till date		Parallel, Processing Superconductors Computers size was drastically reduced. Can recognize Images and Graphics Introduction of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems Able to solve highly complex problems including decision making and logical reasoning.
6	Sixth Generation	In future		Parallel and Distributed computing Computers have become smarter faster and smaller Development of robotics Natural Language Processing Development of Voice Recognition Software.

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