(i) According to Planning Commission's National Human Development Report 2011, HDI has improved significantly between 1980 and 2011. That is, The HDI went up from 0.302 in 1981 to 0.472 score in 2011.
(ii) As per latest Human Development Report (2016) by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), India has been ranked 131st out of 188 countries.
(iii) Out of 188 countries, India lies in Medium Human Development bracket.
(iv) The other nations such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan, Kenya, Myanmar and Nepal attained the medium human development.
(v) The HDR 2016 stated that regional disparities in education, health and living standards within India has caused India's downfall to 27 % on HDI score.
(vi) India's HDI rank value in 2015 stood at 0.624, which had increased from 0.580 in 2010. India's rank in 2014 was 131.

Cotton and textile industry:
(i) Oldest industry of India, and employs largest number of workers.
(ii) It is the largest organised and broadbased industry which accounts for 4% of GDP, 20% of manufacturing value-added and one third of total export earnings.
(iii) The first Indian modernised cotton cloth mill was established in 1818 at Fort Gloaster near Calcutta. But this mill was not successful. The second mill named "Mumbai's Spinning and Weaving Co." was established in 1854 at Bombay by KGN Daber.

(i) Morris D Morris developed the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI).
(ii) It is a measure to calculate the quality of life
(iii) He included life expectancy, infant mortality rate and literacy rate. A scale of each indicator ranges from 1 to 100.
(iv) Number 1 represents worst performance of any country.
(v) 100 is the best performance. Eg. in case of life expectancy, the upper limit is 100.
(vi) This was assigned to 77 years which was achieved by Sweden in 1973.
(vii) The lower limit 1 was assigned to 28 years achieved by Guinea-Bissau in 1960.
(viii) The difference between HDI and PQLI is the inclusion of income.
(ix) In HDI income is included and it represents both physical and financial aspects of development.
(x) In PQLI income is excluded and only physical aspects of life are considered.

(i) Twelfth Five Year Plan period was 2012 - 2017.
(ii) Its main theme is "Faster, more inclusive and sustainable growth".
(iii) Its growth rate target is 8%.

(i) The policy aimed at correcting the weaknesses and rigidities in the various sectors of the economy - industry, trade, fiscal and agriculture.
(ii) To liberate the industry from licensing system.
(iii) To reduce the role of public sector.
(iv) To encourage foreign participation in India's industrial development.

(i) After Independence, the government adopted planned economic development.
(ii) The main objective of planning was social welfare.
(iii) Before Independence commercial banks were in the private sector.
(iv) These banks did not help the government to achieve the social objectives of planning.
(v) So the government nationalised 14 major commercial banks on 19th July 1969 and 6 more banks in 1980.

Zamindari system or Landlord-Tenant system:
(i) In 1793, Lord Cornwallis introduced Permanent Settlement Act.
(ii) Zamindars were the owners of the land and had to pay land revenue to the government.
(iii) The share of the government in total rent collected was fixed at 10/11th, the balance went to the Zamindar as remuneration.
Mahalwari system or Communal Farming system:
(i) This system was followed in Madhya Pradesh and Punjab.
(ii) The ownership of the land was maintained by a collective body of villagers.
(iii) They distributed land among the peasants, collected revenue from them and paid it to the state.
Ryotwari system or Owner-Cultivator system:
(i) This system was first introduced in TamilNadu and later to Maharashtra, Gujarat, Assam, Coorg, East Punjab and Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) The ownership rights of use and control of land were held by the tiller himself.
(iii) There was direct relationship between owners and tillers. This system was the least oppressive system before Independence.

(i) Indian handicraft products had worldwide market. India exported hand-woven cotton and silk fabrics, Calicoes, artistic wares, wood carving.
(ii) Through discriminatory tariff policy, the British government purposefully destroyed the handicrafts.
(iii) With the disappearance of nawabs and kings, there was no one to protect the Indian handicrafts.
(iv) The Indian products could not compete with machine-made products.
(v) The introduction of railways in India increased the domestic market for British goods.

(i) The period of merchant capital was from 1757 to 1813.
(ii) The only aim of the East India Company was to earn profit by establishing monopoly trade in goods with India and East Indies.
(iii) When Bengal and South India came under the political shake of the East India Company in 1750s and 1760s, the objective of monopoly trade was fulfilled.
(iv) The company generated huge surpluses which were sent to England.
(v) The officers of the company were unscrupulous and corrupt.