Birth rate and death rate:
(i) Crude Birth rate: It refers to the number of births per thousand of population.
(ii) Crude Death rate: It refers to the number of deaths per thousand of population Crude birth and death rates of India during various years
Table: Birth rate and death rate

Year	C.B.R	C.D.R
1951	39.9	27.4
2001	25.4	8.4
2011	21.8	7.11

(iii) Birth rate was 39.9 in 1951; it fell to 21.8 in 2011. Although the birth rate has declined, the decline is not so remarkable.
(iv) The death rate has declined from 27.4 in 1951 to 7.1 in 2011. However, from the data it is clear that the fall in birth rates is less than that of death rates.
(v) Kerala has the lowest birth rate (14.7) and Uttar Pradesh has the highest birth rate (29.5).
(vi) West Bengal has the lowest death rate. (6.3) and Orissa (9.2) has the highest.
(vii) Among States Bihar has the highest decadal (2001-11) growth rate of population, while Kerala has the lowest growth rate.

Size of Population:
Table: Population Growth

Census Year	Population (in crores)	Average annual growth rate
1901	23.84	-
1911	25.21	0.56
1921	25.13	-0.03
1931	27.90	1.04
1941	31.87	1.33
1951	36.11	1.25
1961	43.92	1.96
1971	54.81	2.20
1981	68.33	2.22
1991	84.33	2.16
2001	102.70	1.97
2011	121.02	1.66

(i) Over a period of 100 years, India has quadrupled its population size. In terms of, size of population, India ranks 2nd in the world after China.
(ii) India has only about 2.4% of the world's geographical area and contributes less than 1.2% of the world's income, but accommodates about 17.5% of the world's population.
(iii) In other words; every 6th person in the world is an Indian.
(iv) In fact, the combined population of just two states namely, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra is more than the population of United States of America, the third most populous country of the world. Some of the states in India have larger population than many countries in the world.
(v) The negative growth during 1911-2.1 was due to rapid and frequent occurrence of epidemics like cholera, plague and influenza and also famines. The year 1921 is known as the 'Year of Great Divide' for India's population as population starts increasing.
(vi) During 1951, population growth rate has come down from 1.33% to 1.25%. Hence it is known as 'Year of Small divide'.
(vii) In 1961, population of India started increasing at the rate of 1.96% i.e, 2%. Hence 1961 is known as 'Year of Population Explosion'. In the year 2001, the Population of India crossed one billion (100 crore) mark.
(viii) The 2011 census reveals growth of youth population which is described as 'demographic transition'.

Features of a Developed Economy
(1) High National Income
(2) High Per Capita Income
(3) High Standard of Living
(4) Full Employment of Resources
(5) Dominance of Industrial Sector
(6) High Level of Technology
(7) High Industrialisation
(8) High Consumption Level
(9) High Level of Urbanisation
(10) Smooth Economic Growth
(11) Social Equity, Gender Equality and Low Levels of Poverty
(12) Political Stability and Good Governance

Social infrastructure refers to those structures which improve the quality of manpower and contribute indirectly towards the growth of an economy.
Education:
(i) Education is in Concurrent List.
(ii) The Ministry of Human Resource Development decides the education budget and education policy.
(iii) India follows a six-level system - nursery, primary, secondary, higher secondary, graduation and post-graduation.
(iv) We have the 10 +2 pattern.
(v) The education department consists of schools, colleges and universities imparting education to all.
(vi) Though the budget share of education is 3% of GDP yet the per pupil expenditure for school students is the lowest.
Health:
(i) Health is a state-government responsibility.
(ii) The Central Council of Health and Welfare formulates various health care projects.
(iii) India has the ayurvedic medicine, unani, homeopathy, allopathy and yoga.
(iv) Medical practicing needs a licensing from the Ministry of Health. All medical systems now are under one ministry viz AYUSH.
(v) Health status is better in Kerala but generally India's health status is not satisfactory

Poverty and inequality:
Amartya Sen studied about poverty and inequality, distribution of income among the people below the poverty line.
The concept of capability:
(i) Capability is the ability to transform Rawlsian primary goods to the achievement of well-being
(ii) This was a better index of well-being then commodities.
Entitlement:
(i) Sen included the concept of entitlement items like nutrition, food, medical and health care, employment, scarcity of food supply in times of famine.
(ii) All this is included in Amartya Sen's Welfare Economics.

Rao's examination of the "interrelation between investment, income and multiplier in an under developed economy" (1952) was his major contribution to macroeconomic theory.

(i) During Nehru's period as Prime Minister planning was introduced in India.
(ii) He said planning is to find the best way to utilize all resources of manpower or money.
(iii) Planning was linked with industrialization leading to self-reliance and economic growth.

(i) According to Gandhi, "Real India was to be found in villages and not in towns or cities".
(ii) Gandhi suggested the development of self sufficient, self dependent villages.

In 1918, Ambedkar published a paper "Small Holdings in India and their Remedies", citing Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations", he differentiated "Consolidation of Holdings" and "Enlargement of Holdings".

It refers to an improvement in citizens' quality of life and well-being of a country which is measured by per capita income along with several other development indicators like Human Development Index, Physical Quality of Life Index and Gross National Happiness Index.