Growth in plants can be measured in terms of,
1) Increase in length or girth (roots and stems)
2) Increase in fresh or dry weight
3) Increase in area or volume (fruits and leaves)
4) Increase in number of cells produced.

(i) Mineral deficiency of plant A is due to Molybdenum
(ii) Mineral deficiency of plant B is due to Zinc

In the spring season, because cambium is very active and produces a large number of xylary elements having vessels / tracheids with wide lumen.

The cells of sclerenchyma & tracheids become dead because they lack protoplasm

Lateral roots develop as extensions of the cells of pericycle in the anatomy of the root. Therefore they are said to be endogenous in origin.

A Nitrogenous base is linked to pentose sugar through a n-Glycosidic linkage and forms a nucleoside.

(i) Corti first observed protoplasm Felix Dujardin (1835) observed a living juice in animal cell and called it "Sarcode". Purkinje (1839) coined the term protoplasm for sap inside a plant cell. Hugo Van Mohl (1846) indicated importance of protoplasm.
(ii) Max Schultze (1861) established similarity between Protoplasm and Sarcode and O. Hertwig (1892) proposed a theory which later on called 'protoplasm theory' Huxley (1868) proposed protoplasm as a "physical basis of life".

Polypetalae: Plants with free petals and dichlamydeous flowers come under polypetalae. It is further divided into three series - (iii) Calyciflorae: It includes plant having flowers with cup shaped thalamus and with inferior or sometimes with half inferior ovary. It includes 5 orders and 27 families.

(i) Presence of well organised plant body which is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves.
(ii) Presence of eustele.

Xylem plates alternate with phloem plates. Eg: Lycopodium clavatum.

1. The discovery of enzyme phosphorylase in guard cells by Hanes (1940) greatly supports the starch-sugar interconversion theory.
2. The enzyme phosphorylase hydrolyses starch into sugar and high pH followed by endosmosis and the opening of stomata during light. The vice versa takes place during the night.

During crop rotations and mixed cropping. Farmers plant leguminous crops to increase the soil fertility.