The different phases of cell cycle are as follows:
Interphase: Longest part of the cell cycle, but it is of extremely variable length. At first glance the nucleus appears to be resting but this is not the case at all. The chromosomes previously visible as thread like structure, have dispersed. Now they are actively involved in protein synthesis, at least for most of the interphase.
C-Value is the amount in picograms of DNA contained within a haploid nucleus.
G₁ Phase: The first gap phase - 2C amount of DNA in cells of G₀: The cells become metabolically active and grows by producing proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and cell organelles including mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Many checkpoints control the cell cycle. The checkpoint called the restriction point at the end of Gp it determines a cells fate whether it will continue in the cell cycle and divide or enter a stage called G₀ as a quiescent stage and probably as specified cell or die. Cells are arrested in G₁ due to:

Nutrient deprivation: Lack of growth factors or density dependant inhibition. Undergo metabolic changes and enter into G₀ state.
Biochemicals inside cells activates the cell division. The proteins called kinases and cyclins activate genes and their proteins to perform cell division.
Cyclins act as major checkpoint which operates in G₁ to determine whether or not a cell divides.
G₀ Phase: Some cells exit G₁ and enters a quiescent stage called G_0, where the cells remain metabolically active without proliferation. Cells can exist for long periods in G₀ phase. In G₀ cells cease growth with reduced rate of RNA and protein synthesis. The G₀ phase is not permanent. Mature neuron and skeletal muscle cell remain permanently in G₀.many cells in animals remains in G₀ unless called on to. proliferate by appropriate growth factors or other extracellular signals. G₀ cells are not dormant.
S phase - Synthesis phase - cells with intermediate amounts of DNA. Growth of the cell continues as replication of DNA occur, protein molecules called histones are synthesised and attach to the DNA. The centrioles duplicate in the cytoplasm. DNA content increases from 2C to 4C.
G₂ - The second Gap phase - 4C amount of DNA in cells of G₂ and mitosis. Cell growth continues by protein and cell organelle synthesis, mitochondria and chloroplasts divide. DNA content remains as 4C. Tubulin is synthesised and microtubules are formed. Microtubles organise to form spindle fibre. The spindle begins to form and nuclear division follows.
One of the proteins synthesized only In the G₂ period is known as Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF). It brings about condensation of interphase chromosomes into the mitotic form. DNA damage checkpoints operates in GIS and G₂ phases of the cell cycle.

Cytokinesis in Plant Cell: Division of the cytoplasm often starts during telophase. In plants, cytokinesis cell plate grows from centre towards lateral walls - centrifugal manner of cell plate formation. Phragmoplast contains microtubules, actin filaments and vesicles from golgi apparatus and ER. The golgi vesicles contains carbohydrates such as pectin, hemjcellulose which move along the microtubule of the pharagmoplast to the equator fuse, forming a new plasma membrane and the materials which are placed their becomes new cell wall. The first stage of cell wall construction is a line dividing the newly forming cells called a cell plate. The cell plate eventually stretches right across the cell forming the middle lamella. Cellulose builds up on each side of the middle lamella to form the cell walls of two new plant cells.
Cytokinesis in Animal Cells: It is a contractile process. The contractile mechanism contained in contractile ring located inside the plasma membrane. The ring consists of a bundle of microfilaments assembled from actin and myosin. This fibril helps for the generation of a contractile force. This force draws the contractile ring inward forming a cleavage furrow in the cell surface dividing the cell into two.

Metaphase: Chromosomes (two sister chromatids) are attached to the spindle fibres by kinetochore of the centromere. The spindle fibres is made up of tubulin. The alignment of chromosome into compact group at the equator of the cell is known as metaphase plate. This is the stage where the chromosome morphology can be easily studied.
Kinetochore is a DNA-Protein complex present in the centromere DNA where the microtubules are attached. It is a trilaminar disc like plate.
The spindle assembly checkpoint which decides the cell to enter anaphase.

Anaphase: Each chromosome split simultaneously and two daughter chromatids begins to migrate towards two opposite poles of a cell.
Each centromere splits longitudinally into two, freeing the two sister chromatids from each other. Shortening of spindle fibre and longitudinal splitting of centromere creates a pull which divides chromosome into two halves.
Each half receive two chromatids (that is sister chromatids are separated). When the sister chromatids separate the actual partitioning of the replicated genome is complete.