They help in folding of grass leaves during the hot summer and prevent transpiration.

1) Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
2) It does not require oxygen. Therefore it is a common respiratory pathway for Aerobes and Anaerobes.

Therophyte is a plant that completes its life cycle in one growing season. e.g., Peas

Stele refers to the central cylinder of vascular tissues consisting of xylem, phloem, pericycle and sometimes medullary rays with pith.
There are two types of steles:
1. Protostele
2. Siphonostele

(i) It involves division of nucleus.
(ii) Nucleus develops a constriction at the center and becomes dumbell shaped.
(iii) Constriction depends and divides the nucleus into two.

The flower shows two mirror images when cut in any plane or radius through the centre. Normally there are more than two planes of symmetry. Example: Hibiscus, Datura, water lily.

i) Tendrils are thread-like coiling structures which help the plants in climbing.
ii) Tendrils may be modifications of Stem -as in Passiflora, Vitis and Cardiospermum; Inflorescence axis - Antigonon; Leaf - Lathyrus; leaflets - Pisum sativum; Petiole - Clematis; Leaftip - Gloriosa; Stipules - Smilax. In pitcher plant (Nepenthes) the midrib of the leaf often coils around a support like a tendril and holds the pitcher in a vertical position.

They reproduce only through vegetative methods and produce Akinetes (thick wall dormant cell formed from vegetative cell), Hormogonia (a portion of filament get detached and reproduce by cell division), fission, Endospores.

This is the most commonly used electron microscope which provides two dimensional image. The components of the microscope are as follows:
(i) Electron Generating System
(ii) Electron Condenser 
(iii) Specimen Objective 
(iv) Tube Lens 
(v) Projector
It is used for studying detailed structure of viruses, mycoplasma, cellular organelles, etc.

When a flower contains both androecium and gynoecium is called perfect flower

Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease in plants but its inherent tumour inducing principle helps to carry the desired gene into the plant through Genetic engineering.

1. Ligulate florets
2. Heliotropium
3. Pedicel
4. Ikebana

The calyx is modified into the hair-like structure called Pappus. This remains attached to the seed and serves as a method of seed dispersal by wind. Eg: Tridax.

Subaerial stems are found in plants with weak stem in which branches lie horizontally on the ground. These are meant for vegetative propagation. Eg: Centella.

A portion of filament of blue green algae that becomes detached and reproduces by cell division.
Eg: Nostoc

The classification based on the basis of evolution is called phylogenetic classification.

PHB (Poly-\(\beta \) hydroxyl butyrate) is a microbial plastic synthesized by Ralstonia.

In sexual reproduction of fungi, the two sexual hyphae are morphologically similar but dissimilar physiologically. This phenomenon is called heterothallism. Eg : Rhizopus.

(a) Chlorobium - Photoautotrophic bacteria / Photolithotroph.
(b) Iron bacteria - Chemoautotrophic bacteria / Chemolithotroph.

1. Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles.
2. They are the causative agents for several disorders of central nervous system of humans and animals.
Eg : Mad cow disease.

Property of self-regulation and tendency to maintain a steady state within an external environment which is liable to change is called Homeostasis. It is essential for the living organisms.

Lithophyllum, Chara, Fucus.

1. Chlorella is used as single cell protein.
2. Kelps are a rich source of Iodine.