Blast of paddy, rust of wheat, red rot of sugarcane and white rust of crucifers.

Porin is an abundant polypeptide present in bacterial cell walls. It helps in the diffusion of solutes.

The change is brought by Lactobacillus lactis, a bacterium present in the curd. The sourness is due to the formation of lactic acid.

Creepers are plants growing horizontally closer to the ground and produces roots at each node. e.g., Oxalis.

Majority of angiosperm possess upright, vertically growing erect stem. They are
(i) Excurrent
(ii) Decurrent
(iii) Caudex and
(iv) Culm.

A vascular bundle is open when it has Cambium.

It develops from multlcarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary. The receptacle also develops along with the ovary and becomes fleshy, enclosing the true fruit.In pome the epicarp is thin skin like and endocarp is cartilagenous. Example: Apple, Pear.

Plant specimen collected from the field is pressed immediately with the help of portable field plant press. plant specimen is transferred to a standard plant press (12" x 18'') which between two outer 12" x 18" frames and secured by two straps

They are ordinary green, flat, lateral appendages of the stem or the branch borne at the node.

i) The root is non-green, cylindrical descending axis of the plant that usually grows into the soil (positively geotrophic).
ii) It develops from the radicle which is the first structure that comes out when a seed is placed in the soil.
iii) Root is responsible for absorption of water and nutrients and anchoring the plant

1. Fungi reproduce both by asexual and sexual methods. The asexual phase is called Anamorph and the sexual phase is called Teleomorph.
2. Fungi having both phases are called Holomorph.

CarlWoese and co-workers in the year 1990 introduced three domains of life viz., Bacteria, Archaiea and Eukarya based on the difference in rRNA nucleotide sequence, lipid structure of the cell membrane

1. Foot and mouth disease of cattle, 
2. Rabies of dog,
3. Encephalomyelitis of horse.

Bryophytes are simplest land inhabiting cryptogams and are restricted to moist, shady habitats. They lack vascular tissue and hence called 'Non- vascular cryptogams'.

In some plants, the calyx persists even after fruit formation and is called persistent calyx. Eg: Brinjal.

Pollination and fertilization, are the two processes necessary for the development of fruits and seeds.

1. Nitrogen fixation (if cyanobacterial type)
2. Photosynthesis
3. Provides vitamins and other growth substances.

1. Calyx often persistent / accrescent.
2. Stamens 5, epipetalous, poricidal dehiscence.
3. Carpels 2, ovary superior, two chambered, obliquely placed, falsely four chambered placenta swollen, ovules numerous.

1. Pisum sativum - Edible pea (Garden pea)
2. Cicer arietinum - Gram or chick pea
3. Cajanus cajan - Arhar or Red gram

Aflatoxin, Patulin, Ochratoxin A.

1. The basidium is club shaped with four basidiospores.
2. Thus this group of fungi (Basidiomycetes) is popularly called club fungi.

Fungi growing on dung are called coprophilous fungi. Eg : Pilobolus.

Fossils are remains of the plants and animals of the post geological age that occur in preserved form.

They are classified into 3 classes by Proskauer.