Mesokaryotes contains well organized nucleus with nuclear membrane and the DNA is organized into chromosomes but without histone protein components divide through amitosis similar with prokaryotes.

(i) Radical buds
(ii) Foliar buds
(iii) Cauline buds

In bilateral symmetry the flower can be divided into equal halves in only one plane. Zygomorphic flower can efficiently transfer pollen grains to visiting pollinators. Example: Pisum.

(a) Liliaceae family
(b) Aloe vera
(c) The gel-like part of Aloe vera contain proteole enzymes which repairs and rejunuveates the skin.
It acts as a great conditioner for hair. Aloe juice acts as coolant and soothes gastric problems like ulcer.

The main axis ends with a flower.
1. From two lateral bracts, only one branch grows further.
2. It may be helicoid (bostryx) or Scorpiod (cincinnus) Helicoid.
3. Axis develops on only one side. and forms a coil structure atleast at the earlier development stage. Example: Hamelia, potato, Scorpiod.
4. AXis develops .on alternate sides and often becomes a coil structure. Example: Heliotropium.

The main axis of inflorescence is mostly flattened (convex or concave) or globose.
1.  A head or capitulum is a determinate or indeterminate, group of sessile or subsessile flowers arising on a receptacle, often subtended by an involucre.
2. A head is a characteristic inflorescence of Asteraceae and is also found in some members of Rubiaceae.
3. Acacia nilotica, Albizia lebbeck, Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant). Torus contains two types of florets:
(i) Disc floret or tubular floret.
(ii) Ray floret or ligulate floret. Heads are classified into two types.

1. These bacteria require oxygen as terminal acceptor and will not grow under anaerobic conditions (i.e. in the absence of O2) Example: Streptococcus Obligate aerobes of bacteria.
2. Some Micrococcus species are obligate aerobes (i.e. they must have oxygen to survive).

1. The bacterial chromosome is, a single circular DNA molecule, tightly coiled and is not enclosed in a membrane as in Eukaryotes.
2. This genetic material is called Nucleoid or Genophore. It is amazing to note that the DNA of E.coli which measures about Imm long when uncoiled, contains all the genetic information of the organism.
3. The DNA is not bound to histone proteins. The single chromosome or the DNA molecule is circular and at one point it is attached to the plasma membrane and it is believed that this attachment may help in the separation of two chromosomes after DNA replication.

1. Electron microscopic studies have revealed that TMV is a rod shaped helical virus measuring about 280\(\times\)150 μm with a molecular weight of 39 \(\times\) 106 Daltons.
2. The virion is made up of two constituents, a protein coat called capsid and a core called nucleic acid.
3. The protein coatis made up of approximately 2130 identical protein subunits called capsomeres which are present around a central single stranded RNA molecule.
4. The genetic information necessary for the formation of a complete TMV particle is contained in its RNA. The RNA consists of 6,500 nucleotides.

1. Can be crystallized.
2. Absence of metabolism.
3. Inactive outside the host.
4. Do not show functional autonomy.
5. Energy producing enzyme system is absent.

1. Discoloration of leaf colour along the veins.
2. Typical yellow and green mottling which is the mosaic symptom.
3. Downward curling of young apical leaves.
4. Stunted growth

1. Presence of nucleic acid and protein.
2. Capable of mutation.
3. Ability to multiply within living cells.
4. Ability to infect and cause diseases III living beings.
5. Show irritability.
6. Host-specific.

Need for cladistics:
1. Cladistics is now the most commonly used and accepted method for creating phylogenetic system of classifications.
2. Cladistics produces a hypothesis about the relationship of organisms to predict the morphological characteristics of organism.
3. Cladistics helps to elucidate 'mechanism of evolution.

Represent diagrammatically
1. Monophyletic group: Taxa comprising all the descendants of a common ancestor.

2. Paraphyletic group: Taxon that includes an ancestor but not all of the descendants of that ancestor.

3. Polyphyletic group: Taxa that includes members from two different lineages

These are thick roots growing obliquely from the basal nodes of the main stem. These provide mechanical support. Eg: Saccharum officinarum, Zea mays.

In cell membrane the movement of membrane lipids from one side of the membrane to the other side by vertical movement is called flip flopping or flip flop movement. This movement takes place more slowly than lateral diffusion of lipid molecule.

1. The whole plant is not recovered as fossils.
2. Instead organs or parts of the extinct plants are obtained in fragments.
3. Hence the term 'form genera' is used to name fossil plants