The unique feature of archaebacteria is the presence of lipids like glycerol and isopropyl ethers in their cell membrane. Due to the unique chemical composition the cell membrane show resistance against cell wall antibiotics and lytic agents.
E.g., Methanobacterium.

The Gram positive bacteria retain crystal violet and appear dark violet, whereas Gram negative type loose the crystal violet and when counterstained by safranin appear red under a microscope.

Plasmids are extrachromosomal double stranded , circular, self-replicating, autonomous elements. They contain genes for fertility, antibiotic resistant and heavy metals. It also help  in the production of bacteriocins and toxins which are not found in bacterial chromosome.

In plants like Ficus, heterophylla leaves vary from entire to variously lobed structures during different developmental stages. Young leaves are usually lobed or dissected and the mature leaves are entire. Such type is known as developmental heterophylly.

Aloe and Agave are Xerophytes. They develop fleshy and swollen leaves. These succulent leaves store water, mucilage and food. They also resist desiccation.

Economic importance of Pteridophyte

Hepaticopsida, Anthocerotopsida and Bryopsida.

1. Plants contain only one cotyledon in their seed, leaves with parallel venation, fibrous root system and trimerous flowers come under this class.
2.The Monocotyledonae has 7 series and 34 families.
3. The Bentham and Hooker system of classification is still supposed to be the best system of classification.
4. It has been widely practiced in colonial countries and herbaria of those countries were organised based on this system and is still used as a key for the identification of plants in some herbaria of the world due to the following reasons: Description of plants is quite accurate and reliable, because it is mainly based on personal studies from actual specimens and not mere comparisons of known facts. 
5. As it is easy to follow, it is used as a key for the identification of plants in several herbaria of the world. Though it is a natural system, this system was not intended to be phylogenetic.

1. Gynoecium or pistil is the female reproductive part of the flower.
2. A pistil consists of an expanded basal portion called the ovary, an elongated section called a style and an apical structure that receives pollen called a stigma. Ovary with stipe is called stipitate ovary.
3.Carpel: They are components of a gynoecium. Gynoecium is made of one or more carpels.

1. This step involves the degradation of bacterial chromosome, protein synthesis and DNA replication. The phage nucleic acid takes over the host biosynthetic machinery.
2. Host DNA gets inactivated and breaks down. Phage DNA suppresses the synthesis of bacterial protein and directs the metabolism of the cell to synthesis the proteins of the phage particles and simultaneously replication of Phage DNA also takes place.

1. Phage (T4) particles interact with cell wall of host (E.coli). The phage tail makes contact between the two, and tail fibres recognize the specific receptor sites present on bacterial cell surface.
2. The lipopolysaccharides of tail fibres act as receptor in phages.

A floral formula is a simple way to explain the salient features of a flower. The floral diagram is a representation of the cross-section of the flower. It represents floral whorls arranged as viewed from above. Floral diagram shows the number and arrangement of bract, bracteoles and floral parts, fusion, overlapping and placentation.

It refers ~oopening of another to disperse pollen grains.
(i) Longitudinal: Anther dehisces along a suture parallel to long axis of each. anther lobe. ego Datura, china rose, cotton.
(ii) Transverse: Anther dehisces at right angles to the long axis of another lobe. ego Malvaceae.
(iii) Poricidal: Anther dehisces through pores at one end of the thecae. ego Ericaceae, Solanum, potato, brinjal, Cassia.
(iv) Valvular: Anther dehisces through a pore covered by a flap of tissue. ego Lauraceae, Cinnamomum. 

Receptacle is a hollow, globose structure 'consisting unisexual flowers present on the inner wall of the receptacle: Receptacle is closed except a small opening called ostiole which is covered by a series of bracts. Male flowers are present nearer to the ostiole, female and neutral flowers are found in a mixed manner from middle below. ego Ficus sp. (Banyan and Pipal).

Plant Diseases:
1. Tobacco Mosaic Disease.
2. Cauliflower Mosaic Disease.
3. Sugarcane Mosaic Disease.
4. Potato leaf roll.
5. Bunchy top of banana.
6. Leaf curl of papaya.
7. Vein clearing of Lady's finger.
8. Rice tungro disease.
9. Cucumber Mosaic Disease.
10. Tomato spotted wilt Disease.

1. Actinomycetes or 'Ray fungi' are anaerobic or facultative anaerobic microorganisms.
2. They show mycelia like growth.
3. Eg: Streptomyces.

1. Pili or Fimbriae are hair like appendages found Discuss. on surface of cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
Eg: Enterobacterium.
2. The pili are 0.2 to 20 11m long with a diameter of about 250A
3. In addition to normal pili there are special type of pili which help in conjugation called sex pili are also found.

In many monocot families such as Arecaceae, Musaceae, Zingiberaceae and Poaceae the leaf base extends into a sheath and clasps part or whole of the internode. Such leaf base also leave permanent scars on the stem when they fall. Eg: Arecaceae.

Runner and Offset are Subaerial stems

1. A Monograph is a complete global account of a taxon of any rank - family, genus or species at a given time.
2. This includes the existing taxonomic knowledge and all relevant information about the group concerned such as anatomy, chemistry, palynology, chromosome number etc.
3. Eg: Family Lentibulariaceae M.K. Janarthanam and A.N. Henry.

Binomial: Binomial nomenclature
1. Binomial nomenclature was first introduced by Gaspard Bauhin and it was implemented by Carolus Linnaeus.
2. Scientific name of a species consists of two words and according to binomial nomenclature, the first one is called genus name and second one is specific epithet.
3. Eg: Mangifera indica. Mangifera IS a genus name and indica is specific epithet.