1. Cladistics is one of the primary methods of constructing phylogenies, or evolutionary histories. Cladistics uses shared, derived characters to group organisms into clades.
2.These clades have atleast one shared, derived character found in their most recent common ancestor that is not found in other groups hence they are considered more closely related to each other. These shared characters can be morphological such as, leaf, flower, fruit, seed and so on; behavioural, like opening of flowers nocturnal/diurnal; molecular like DNA or protein sequence and more.
3. Cladistic accepts only monophyletic groups. Paraphyletic and polyphyletic taxa are occasionally considered when such taxa conveniently treated as one group for practical purposes. Exam- pie: dicots, sterculiaceae. Polyphyletic groups are rejected by cladistic.
4. Cladistics is now the most commonly used and accepted method for creating phylogenetic system of classifications
5. Cladistics produces a hypothesis about the relationship of organisms to predict the morphological characteristics of organism.
6. Cladistics helps to elucidate mechanism of evolution.

1. Molecular Taxonomy is the branch of phylogeny that analysis hereditary molecular differences, mainly in DNA sequences, to gain information and to establish genetic relationship between the rnembers of different taxonomic categories.
2. The advent of DNA cloning and sequencing methods have contributed immensely to the development of molecular taxonomy and population genetics over the years.
3.These modern methods have revolutionised the field of molecular taxonomy and population genetics with improved analytical power and precision.
4. The results of a molecular phylogenetic analysis are expressed in the form of a tree called phylogenetic tree.
5. Different molecular markers like allozymes, mitochondrial DNA, micro satellites, RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA), AFLPs (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism), single nucleotide polymorphism-SNp, microchips or arrays are used in analysis.
6. Molecular taxonomy helps in establishing the relationship of different plant groups at DNA level.
7. It unlocks the treasure chest of information on evolutionary history of organisms.

(i) Leaves alternate, exstipulate
(ii) Flowers actinomorphic, pentamerous
(iii) Calyx often persistence / accrescent
(iv) Stamens 5, epipetalous, poricidal in dehiscence
(v) Carpels 2, ovary superior, 2 chambered, obliquely placed, falsely four-chambered placenta swollen, ovule numerous.
(vi) Fruits berry or capsule, vascular bundles with both outer and inner phloem (Bicollateral vascular bundle)

1. Vernacular names are known as Common names. They are very often descriptive and poetic references to plants.
2. Common name refer to more than one plant or many plants may have same common name. These names are regional or local and are not universal.
3. Eg: Albizia amara. L belongs to Mimosaceae is called as Usilai in South Tamil nadu and Thurinji in North Tamil nadu.