Rolling or folding of individual leaves is called ptyxis. There are seven types of ptyxis as follows:
1. Reclinate - When the upper half of the leaf blade is bent upon the lower half as in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica).
2. Conduplicate - When the leaf is folded lengthwise along the mid-rib, as in guava, sweet potato and camel's foot tree (Bauhinia).
3. Plicate or Plaited - When the leaf is repeatedly folded longitudinally along ribs in a zig-zag manner, as in Borassus flabellifer.
4. Circinate - When the leaf is rolled from the apex towards the base like the tail of a dog, as in ferns.
5. Convolute - When the leaf is rolled from one margin to the other, as in banana, aroids and Indian pennywort. Musa and members of Araceae.
6. Involute - When the two margins are rolled on the upper surface of the leaf towards the mid-rib or the centre of the leaf, as in water lily, lotus, Sandwich Island Climber (Antigonon) and Plumbago.
7. Crumpled - When the leaf is irregularly folded as in cabbage.

Buds are the growing points surrounded by protective scale leaves.
1. Terminal bud or Apical bud: These buds are present at the apex of the main stem and at the tips of the branches.
2. Lateral bud or Axillary bud: These buds occur in the axil of the leaves and develop into a branch or flower.
3. Extra axillary bud: These buds are formed at nodes but outside the axil of the leaf as in Solanum americanum.
4. Accessory bud: An extra bud on either side (collateral bud) or above (superposed bud or serial bud) the axillary bud. e.g., Citrus and Duranta.

Rolling or folding of individual leaves may be as follows:
i) Reclinate - when the upper half of the leaf blade . is bent upon the lower. half as in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica).
ii) Conduplicate - when the leaf is folded lengthwise along the mid-rib, as, in guava, sweet potato and camel's foot tree (Bauhinia).
iii) Plicate or plaited - when the leaf is' repeatedly folded longitudinally along ribs in a zig-zag manner, as in Borassus flabellifer.
iv) Circinate - when the leaf is rolled from the apex towards the base like the tail of a dog, as in ferns.
v) Convolute - when the leaf is rolled from one margin to the other, as in banana, aroids and Indian pennywort. Musa and members of Araceae.
vi) Involute - when the two margins are rolled on the upper surface of the leaf towards the midrib or the centre of the leaf, as in water lily, lotus, Sandwich Island Climber (Antigonon) and Plumbago.
vii) Crumpled - when the leaf is irregularly folded as in cabbage.

The pattern of division of a leaf into discrete components or segments is termed leaf type. Based on the number of segments
Simple leaf 
A leaf is said to be simple when the petiole bears a single lamina; lamina may be entire (undivided) Example: Mango or incised to any depth but not upto the midrib or petiole. Example: Cucurbita.
Compound leaf
i) Compound leaf is one in which tbe main rachis bears more than one lamina surface, called leaflets.
ii) Compound leaves have evolved to increase total lamina surface.
iii) There is one axillary bud in the axil of the whole compound leaf .
iv) The leaflets however, do not possess axillary buds.
Pinnately compound leaf
A pinnately compound leaf is defined as one in which the rachis, bears laterally a number of leaflets, arranged alternately or in an opposite manner, as in tamarind, Cassia.
Unipinnate:
The rachis is simple and unbranched which bears leaflets directly on its sides in alternate or opposite manner. Example: Rose, Neem.
Unipinnate leaves are of two types.
a) when the leaflets are even in number, the leaf is said to be pari pinnate. Example: Tamarind, Abrus, Sesbania, Saraca, Cassia.
b) when the leaflets are odd in number, the leaf is said to be imparipinnate. Example: Rose, Neem (Azadirachta), Chinese box (Murraya).
Bipinnate:
The primary rachis produces secondary rachii which bear the leaflets.
The secondary rachii are known as pinnae. Number of pinnae varies depending on the species. Example: Delonix, Mimosa, Acacia nilotica, Caesalpinia.
iii. Tripinnate: When the rachis branches thrice the leaf is called trlplnnate. (i.e) the secondary rachii produce the tertiary rachii which bear the leaflets.
Example: Moringa, Oroxylum. 
iv. Decompound:When the rachis of leaf is branched several times it is called decompound.
Example: Daucus carota, Coriandrum sativum, Foeniculum vulgare .
2.Palmately compound leaf
i) A palmately compound leaf is defined as one in which the petiole bears terminally, one or more leaflets which seem to be radiating from a common point like fingers from the palm. i. Unifoliolate: When a single leaflet is articulated to the petiole is said to be unifoliolate.
ii) Example: Citrus, Des modium gangeticum. ii. Bifoliolate: When there are two leaflets articulated to the petiole it is said to be bifoliolate.
iii) Example: Balanites roxburghii, Hardwickia binata, Zornia diphyl/a iii. Trifoliolate: There are three leaflets articulated to the petiole it is said to be trifoliolate.
iv) Example: wood apple (Aegle marmelos), Clover (Trifolium), Lablab, Oxalis
Quadrifoliolate: There are four leaflets articulated to the petiole it is said to be quadrifoliolate. Example: Paris quadrifolia,marsilia
Multifoliolate or digitate: Five or more leaflets are joined and spread like fingers from the palm, as in silk cotton tree, Cleome pentaphylla, Bombax ceiba.

i) Perennial and some biennial herbs have underground stems, which are generally known as root stocks. Rootstock functions as a storage and protective organ.
ii) It remains alive below the ground during unfavourable conditions and resumes growth during the favourable conditions.
iii) Underground stems are not roots because they possess nodes, internodes, scale-leaves and buds. iv)  Rootstock also lack root cap and root hairs but they possess terminal bud which is a characteristics of stem.
Bulb
i) It is a condensed conical or convex stem surrounded by fleshy scale leaves. They are of two types
1. Tunicated (coated) bulb: In which the stem is much condensed and surrounded by several concentric
layers of scale leaves.
i) The inner scales commonly fleshy, the outer ones dry.
ii) These are two types (a) Simple Tunicated bulb
Example: Allium cepa (b) Compound Tunicated bulb. Example: Allium sativum.
2. Scaly bulb: They are narrow, partially overlap
iii) each other by their margins only. Example: Tulipa spp.
iv) Pseudobulb is a short erect aerial storage or propagating stem of certain epiphytic and terrestrial sympodial orchids. Example: Bulbophyllum.
Corm
i) This is a succulent underground stem with an erect growing tip. 
ii) The corm is surrounded by scale leaves and exhibit nodes and internodes. Example: Amorphophallus, Gladiolus, Colacasia, Crocus, Colchicum
Rhizome
i) This is a underground stem grows horizontally with several lateral growing tips.
ii) Rhizome posses conspiquous nodes and internodes covered by scale leaves.
Example: Zingiber officinale, Canna, Curcuma longa, Maranta arundinacea, Nymphaea, Nelumbo.
Tuber
This is a succulent underground spherical or globose stem with many embedded axillary buds called "eyes". Example: Solanum tuberosum, Helicnthus tuberosus.