Unit-8

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Questions:

Generic 5

2 x 5 = 10

Identify the following structures and explain their significance in renal physiology?
(a) Juxtaglomerular apparatus
(b) Podocytes
(c) Sphincters in the bladder

Arrange the following structures in the order that a drop of water entering the nephron would encounter them
e. Afferent arteriole
f. Bowman’s capsule
g. Collecting duct
h. Distal tubule
i. Glomerulus
j. Loop of Henle
k. Proximal tubule
l. Renal pelvis

Generic 2

21 x 2 = 42

Explain the heart’s role in secreting a hormone that regulates renal function? What hormone is this?

What is the effect of aldosterone on kidneys and where is it produced?

Name the three main hormones that are involved in the regulation of the renal function?

What is tubular secretion? Name the substances secreted through the renal tubules.

Which vessels drain filtered blood from the kidneys?

What vessels carry blood to the kidneys? Is this blood arterial or venous?

Differentiate cortical from medullary nephrons

10.

How is urea formed in the human body?

11.

What is the nitrogenous waste produced by amphibian larvae and by the adult animal?

12.

Differentiate protonephridia from metanephridia

13.

With regards to toxicity and the need for dilution in water, how different are ureotelic and uricotelic excretions? Give examples of animals that use these types of excretion.

14.

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? Where is it produced and what stimuli increases or decreases its secretion?

15.

How are the kidneys involved in controlling blood volume? How is the volume of blood in the body related to arterial pressure?

16.

If the afferent arteriole of the nephron constricts, what happens to the GFR in that nephron? If the efferent arteriole constricts what happens to the GFR in that nephron? Assume that no auto regulation takes place.

17.

Which part of the autonomic nervous system is involved in micturition process?

18.

What solute is normally present in the body to estimate GFR in humans?

19.

Which segment is the site of secretion and regulated reabsorption of ions and pH homeostasis?

20.

When a molecule or ion is reabsorbed from the lumen of the nephron, where does it go? If a solute is filtered and not reabsorbed from the tubule, where does it go?

21.

In which segment of the nephron most of the re-absorption of substances takes place?

22.

What forces promote glomerular filtration? What forces opposes them? What is meant by net filtration pressure?

23.

Name the three filtration barriers that solutes must come across as they move from plasma to the lumen of Bowman's capsule. What components of the blood are usually excluded by these layers?

Generic 3

4 x 3 = 12

24.

Identify the biological term
Excretion, glomerulus, urinary bladder, glomerular filtrate, ureters,urine, Bowman’s capsule, urinary system, reabsorption, micturition, osmosis, proteins.
a. A liquid which gathers in the bladder.
b. Produced when blood is filtered in a Bowman’s capsule.
c. Temporary storage of urine.
d. A ball of intertwined capillaries.
e. Removal of unwanted substances from the body.
f. Each contains a glomerulus.
g. Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
h. Scientific term for urination.
i. Regulation of water and dissolved substances in blood and tissue fluid.
j. Consists of the kidneys, ureters and bladder.
k. Removal of useful substances from glomerular filtrate.
l. What solute the blood contains that are not present in the glomerular filtrate?

25.

How is the process of micturition altered by toilet training?

26.

Match the following terms.

(a) \(\alpha \) -receptor	Afferent arteriole
(b) Autoregulation	Basal lamina
(c) Bowman's capsule	Capillary blood pressure
(d) Capsule fluid pressure	Colloid osmotic Pressure
(e) Glomerulus	GFR
(f) Podocyte	JG cells
(g) Vasoconstriction	Plasma proteins

27.

Match each of the following substances. with its mode of transportation in proximal tubular reabsorption.

(a) Na+	Simple diffusion
(b) Glucose	Primary active transport
(c) Urea	Indirect active transport
(d) Plasma	Paracellular movement
(e) Proteins	Facilitated diffusion
(f) Water	Endocytosis

Multiple Choice Question

13 x 1 = 13

28.

Malpighian tubules remove excretory products from _____.

(a)

mouth

(b)

oesophagus

(c)

haemolymph

(d)

alimentary canal

29.

The hormone which helps in the reabsorption of water in kidney tubules is _____.

(a)

cholecystokinin

(b)

angiotensin II

(c)

antidiuretic hormone

(d)

Pancreozymin

30.

Aldosterone acts at the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct resulting in the absorption of water through _____.

(a)

Aquaporins

(b)

Spectrins

(c)

GLUT

(d)

Chloride channels

31.

Animal requiring minimum amount of water to produce urine are ______.

(a)

ureotelic

(b)

ammonotelic

(c)

uricotelic

(d)

chemotelic

32.

Kidney stones are produced due to deposition of uric acid and ______.

(a)

Silicates

(b)

Minerals

(c)

Calcium carbonate

(d)

Calcium oxalate

33.

Glomerular filtrate contains ______.

(a)

Blood without blood cells and proteins

(b)

Plasma without sugar

(c)

Blood with proteins but without cells

(d)

Blood without urea

34.

Podocytes are the cells present on the ______.

(a)

Outer wall of Bowman's capsule

(b)

Inner wall of Bowman's capsule

(c)

Neck of nephron

(d)

Wall of glomerular capillaries

35.

Identify the wrong match __________

(a)

Bowman's capsule - Glomerular filtration

(b)

DCT - Absorption of glucose

(c)

Henle's loop - Concentration of urine

(d)

PCT - Absorption of Na⁺ and K⁺ ions

36.

The end product of Ornithine cycle is _____.

(a)

carbon dioxide

(b)

uric acid

(c)

urea

(d)

ammonia

37.

What will happen if the stretch receptors of the urinary bladder wall are totally removed?

(a)

Micturition will continue

(b)

Urine will be continue to collect normally in the bladder

(c)

There will be micturition

(d)

Urine will not collection the bladder

38.

A person who is on a long hunger strike and is surviving only on water, will have

(a)

Less amino acids in his urine

(b)

Macula densa cells

(c)

Less urea in his urine

(d)

More sodium in his urine

39.

If Henle's loop were absent from mammalian nephron, which one of the following is to be expected?

(a)

There will be no urine formation

(b)

There will be hardly any change in the quality and quantity of urine formed

(c)

The urine will be more concentrated

(d)

The urine will be more dilute

40.

Concentration of urine depends upon which part of the nephron ______.

(a)

Bowman's capsule

(b)

Length of Henle's loop

(c)

P.C.T.

(d)

Network of capillaries arising from glomerulus

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Answers Key:

Generic 5

2 x 5 = 10

(a) Some nephrons, have very long loop of Henle that run deep into the medulla are called juxtamedullary nephrons which aid in filtration from glomerulus.
(b) Podocytes are the filtration slits.
(c) Sphincters of urinary bladder are internal paired (involuntary) and external paired (Voluntary) control micturition.

(e) Afferent arteriole
(i) Glomerulus
(f) Bowman's capsule
(k) Proximal tubule
(j) Loop of Henle
(h) Distal tubule
(g) Collecting duct
(l) Renal pelvis

Generic 2

21 x 2 = 42

Excessive stretch of cardiac atrial cells cause an increase in blood flow to the auricles of the heart and release ANF (Atrial natriuretic peptide or factor) which stimulates the increase Na⁺ excretion. Chemoreceptors like carotid bodies formed in the heart.

Aldosterone maintains renal blood flow to the kidneys. It is produced as medullary adrenal hormone in the adrenal gland of kidney.

Renin, aldosterone and ADH.

Occurs in distal convoluted tubule of nephron potassium is excreted and sodium is absorbed.

Venules, veins of renal vein comes out of hilum of kidneys.

Renal artery supplies (arterial) oxygenated blood and renal vein carries out deoxygenated blood (venous) from kidneys.

Cortical nephrons	Medullary nephrons
Bowman's capsule malpighian capsule is present.	Tubular part of nephrons is present.
Glomerular filtration occurs.	Absorption, re-absorption and secretion occurs.

10.

The nitrogenous waste formed as a result of breakdown of amino acids is converted to urea in the liver by the Ornithine cycle or urea cycle

11.

Amphibian larvae: NH₃
Adult frog: urea

12.

S.N	Protonephridia	Metanephridia
1.	Primitive	Advanced
2.	Commonly found in primitive chordates (aquatic).	Commonly found in advanced terrestrial animals.
3.	NH₃ is the excretory product.	NH₃ or urea may be the excretory product.
4.	Originated /derived from invertebrates.	Originated/ derived from primitive chordates.

13.

(i) Urea is excreted by ureotelic animals
Eg: Earthworm, Frogs and mammals.
(ii) Uric acid is excreted by uricotelic animals
Eg: Insects, reptiles and Aves (birds).

14.

ADH promotes the absorption re-absorption and secretion occurs in nephrons of Kidneys.

15.

(i) Nephrons of kidneys absorb and reabsorb blood plasma (55%) and handover it to venules of renal vein so that an average blood volume is maintained.
(ii) Oxygenated blood flows in the arterial system expresses the systolic pressure (120mm Hg) to balance the normal blood pressure towards the body organs.

16.

(i) Blood supply to kidney's is reduced.
(ii) Disposal of blood from the kidney's is reduced.
(iii) Auto regulation of micturition is disturbed.

17.

Sensory neurons of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system.

18.

All the blood plasma components without corpuscles.

19.

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT of nephron).

20.

(a) Ion goes to renal vein
(b) It goes to renal pelvis

21.

Henle's loop

22.

1. Hydrostatic/Hydrostatic / Colloidal osmotic pressure maintains ultrafiltration of glomerulus.
2. The Efferent arteriole pressure opposes them.
3. Net filtration pressure = 55 mmHg - 30 mmHg + 15 mmHg = 10mmHg.

23.

1. Podocytes end in foot processes found in the openings between the foot processes (Filtration slits).
2. Malpighian body/renal corpuscle.
3. Blood cells like RBCs, WBCs and platelets.

Generic 3

4 x 3 = 12

24.

(a) Urine
(b) Glomerular filtrate
(c) Urinary bladder
(d) afferent and efferent arterioles and venules of renel artery and renel vein.
(e) Excretion
(f) Bowman's capsule
(g) Ureters
(h) Micturition
(i) Balance of electrolytes minerals and organics
(j) excretory system
(k) micturition
(l) glucose, amino acid and liquids

25.

1. The process of release of urine from the urinary bladder is called micturition. It is more than a simple reflex. The control of micturition is learnt is infancy. It induces other sensory fibres in the bladder which conveys the information on fullness of bladder.
2. This information reaches the centres in thalamus and cerebral cortex of the brain via the spine.
3. The brain can sense the need to pass urine and urgency of the situation.
4. The brain centres can control the micturition, reflex by inhibiting the parasympathetic motor, fibres.
5. When convenient, the brain centre removes this control and permits micturition under conscious control.
6. Further the link between spine and cerebral cortex is developed only nearing 2 years of age. Hence toilet training is not possible in infants.
7. Therefore by training children at a young age, the micturition reflex can be brought under control.

26.

(a) \(\alpha \) -receptor	Capillary blood pressure
(b) Autoregulation	GFR
(c) Bowman's capsule	Afferent arteriole
(d) Capsule fluid pressure	Plasma proteins
(e) Glomerulus	Colloid osmotic Pressure
(f) Podocyte	Basal lamina
(g) Vasoconstriction	JG cells

27.

(a) Na+	Primary active transport
(b) Glucose	Indirect active transport
(c) Urea	Simple diffusion
(d) Plasma	Facilitated diffusion
(e) Proteins	Endocytosis
(f) Water	Paracellular movement