Computed Tomographic (CT) scanning: It is a medical imaging technology employing tomography, were digital geometry processing is used to generate a three dimensional image of the internals of an object from a large series of two dimensional X ray images taken around a single axis of rotation.
Clinical significance:
1. Gives a clear image of bone, soft tissues and blood vessels.
2. - Helps in the diagnosis of injuries of the inner ears and sinuses.
3. To detect cancer, heart and lung disorders.
4. For diagnosis of spinal problems and skeletal injuries.
5. Helps to measure bone mineral density.
6. To detect stroke causing clots and hemorrhage in the brain.

Normal RBC ranges are:
1. Male: 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter
(cells/mcL ).
2. Female: 4.2 to 5.4 million cells / mcL. .
Normal WBC range: 4.5 to 11.0 x 109/ L

(i) The cornea is the only tissue in the body that can be transplanted from one person to another with little or no possibility of rejection.
(ii) This is because cornea does not have blood vessels.

(i) CCK is known as Cholecystokinin.
(ii) CCK is secreted by a group of specialized endocrine cells in duodenum in response to the presence of fat and acid in the diet.
(iii) CCK acts on the gall bladder to release bile into duodenum and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and its discharges.

The hormone oestrogen is secreted by the ovaries.
1. It stimulates the pituitary gland to release Luteinizing hormone which induces ovulation and maintains corpus luteum. Ovulation is the release of egg from the ovary by rupture of follicular cells.
2. It stops production of follicular stimulating hormone so that only one egg mature in a cycle.

Cross breeding:
1. It is a special method of animal breeding.
2. Breeding between a superior male of one breed with a superior female of another breed.
3. The cross breed progeny has superior traits.

Trees on which Lac insect grow
1. Acacia catechu [Karanagalli]
2. Schleichera oleosa [Kumbadiri]

(i) The drone is the functional male member of the colony.
(ii) The sole duty of the drone is to fertilize the virgin Queen hence called "King of the Colony"
(iii) During swarming the process of leaving the colony by the Queen with a large group of worker bees to form a new colony the drones follows the Queen, copulates and dies after copulation.

Skull bones.

Aldosterone maintains renal blood flow to the kidneys. It is produced as medullary adrenal hormone in the adrenal gland of kidney.

Venules, veins of renal vein comes out of hilum of kidneys.

Cortical nephrons	Medullary nephrons
Bowman's capsule malpighian capsule is present.	Tubular part of nephrons is present.
Glomerular filtration occurs.	Absorption, re-absorption and secretion occurs.

(i) Entry of air with high pressure may collapse the tracheal tree.
(ii) The smooth muscles which contract and relax to adjust the diameter of air passage with a typical resistance against airways under normal pressure.

(i) Right ventricular wall is thinner because the pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood to lungs so that much force/pressure is not needed.
(ii) Left ventricular wall is thicker because the aorta has to pump out the blood from the heart to supply oxygenated blood to all the parts of the body and needs more pressure.

Male frog attracts female frog by amplifying its croaking sound during breeding season.

(i) Fan shaped 13 paired alary muscles support the 13 chambered tubular heart of cockroach.
(ii) One pair of these muscles is found in each segment on either side of the heart.
(iii) Tubular heart is firmly fixed with dorsal margin of the pericardial sinus by alary muscles.

(i) Earthworm has aerobic respiration.
(ii) Moist skin due to coelomic fluid promotes respiration (cutaneous)
(iii) Skin functions due to blood supply of integumentary blood vessels
(iv) Respiration or breathing stops if earthworm's skin is dried

White Adipose Tissue	Brown Adipose Tissue
1. Tissue contains less mitochondria.	Tissue contains more mitochondria.
2. Stores nutrients	Converts fats into heat energy which heat the blood stream to warm the body.
3. No non-shivering thermogenesis.	Non-shivering thermogenesis.

(i) In fishes air bladder may be or may not be connected with alimentary canal/gut.
(ii) It helps in gaseous exchange in lung fishes.
(iii) It also maintain buoyancy in most of the ray finned fishes.

The circulatory system is of two types,
1. Open type: The blood remains filled in tissue spaces due to the absence of blood capillaries.
Eg: Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms, and Urochordates
2. Closed type: The blood Is circulated through blood vessels of varying diameters (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
Eg: Annelids, Cephalochordates and Vertebrates.

(i) Heterotrophic nutrition
(ii) Reserve food is glycogen
(iii) All animals are eukaryotes
(iv) Locomotion is the most common feature of animals

Mule is sterile and cannot yield its offsprings because it is born from the cross made between different species like Male Donkey and Female Horse.

MOET-Multiple Ovulation embryo transfer technology:
1. Advantage of this technology is to produce high milk yielding females and high-quality meat yielding bulls in a short time.
2. It is applicable in animal husbandry.
3. It is a method of propagation of animals with desirable traits.
4. This method can be applied when the success rate of cross over even in low cost.

(i) Alimentary canal is complete.
(ii) The heart is ventral.
(iii) Nerve cord is dorsal.
(iv) A dorsal ganglion is present in adults.
(v) Presence of notochord in tail region.

(i) Invertebrates do not have notochord and presence of notochord is the unique feature of chordates.
(ii) Cephalisation indicates the distinct head in animals
Eg: Arthropods to chordates.
(iii) dorsal nerve cord arises in chordates behind the alimentary canal.
Eg: Hemichordates and chordates but ventral nerve cord arises in non chordates infront of the alimentary canal.
Eg: Annelidans to Echinoderms.
(iv) Radial symmetry is commonly found in coelenterates or cnidarians and in most of animals of other phyla.