1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical test that physicians use to diagnose medical conditions.
2. The radio frequency pulses re-align hydrogen atoms that naturally exist within the body while the patient is in the scanner without causing any chemical changes in the tissues.
3. As the hydrogen atoms return to their usual alignment, they emit different amounts of energy that vary according to the type of body tissue from which they come.

Stethoscope is a medical device used to hear the internal sounds of the human body such as heart beat, sounds due to inhalation and exhalation of air in the lungs, stomach, intestinal movements and also foetal movements.
Clinical significance of stethoscope:
1. Stethoscope helps to find the normal and abnormal heart beat sounds and also to diagnose valve functions.
2. It helps to diagnose lung diseases such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema, bronchitis and pleuritis.
3. Stethoscopes along with sphygmomanometer are used to read the blood pressure.
4. It outlines the status of cardiac, respiratory and intestinal disorders.

Cranial nerves	Nature of nerve	Function
Olfactory nerve	Sensory	Sense of smell
Optic nerves	Sensory	Sense of sight
Oculomotor nerves	Motor	Movement of the eye
Trochlear nerve	Motor	Rotation of the eye ball
Trigeminal nerve	Sensory and motor (mixed)	Functioning of facial parts

(i) Adrenalin hormones secreted by adrenal medulla
(ii) Adrenal medulla secretes the hormones adrenalin and noradrenalin and are referred as 3F Hormones ie [fight, flight and fright hormones]
(iii) During emergency it increases heartbeat rate and blood pressure.
(iv) Adrenalin increases liver glycogen breakdown into glucose and increases the release of fatty acids from fat cells.
(v) It stimulates the smooth muscles of cutaneous and visceral arteries to decrease blood flow.
(vi) It increase blood flow to the skeletal muscles thereby increases the metabolic rate of skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles and nervous tissue.

Cretinism is due lower secretion of growth hormone in infants; [ie] hypothyroidism.
Symptoms of Cretinism:
In infants, hypothyroidism causes cretinism .A cretin shows
1. Retarded skeletal growth
2. Absence of sexual maturity.
3. Retarded mental ability.
4. Thick wrinkled skin.
5. Protruded enlarged tongue.
6. Bloated face.
7. Thick and short limbs occurs

1. Lac is largely used as a sealing wax and adhesive for optical instruments. It is used in electric industry, as it is a good insulator.
2. It is used in preparations of shoe and leather polishes and as a protective coating of wood.
3. It is used in laminating paper board, photographs, engraved materials and plastic moulded articles.
4. Used as a filling material for gold ornaments.

Nutritive values of fishes:
1. Fishes farm a rich source of protein food and provide a good staple food to tide over the nutritional needs of man.
2. Fish species such as sardines, mackerel, tuna, herrings have high amino acids concentrations particularly histidine which is responsible for the meaty flavor of the flesh.
3. It is rich in fat such as omega 3 fatty acids. Minerals such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, manganese, iodine and copper.
4. Some of the by-products are fish oil, fish meal, Isinglass.

Advantages of Vermicomposting:
1. Vermicompost is rich in essential plant nutrients.
2. It improves soil structure texture, aeration, and water holding capacity and prevents soil erosion.
3. Vermicompost is a rich in nutrients and an ecofriendly amendment to soil for farming and terrace gardening.
4. It enhances seed germination and ensures good plant growth.

Isotonic contraction (iso-same, tonweight/ resistance) 
1. In isotonic contraction the length of the muscle changes but the tension remains constant.
2. Here, the force produced is unchanged.
3. Eg: Lifting dumbbells and weight lifting.

Mouth:
(i) In buccal cavity starch is hydrolysed by saliva.
(ii) The cooked starch (polysaccharide) is converted into a maltose (disaccharide) by salivary amylase or ptyalin.
Duodenum:
Pancreatic amylase converts starch (polysaccharide) into di and monosaccharides.

S.NO. Elastic fibres Elastic connective tissue (1) Packed along with fibroblasts Packed with high proportion of elastic fibres (2) It does not allow the recoil of tissues following stretching  It allows the recoil of tissues following
stretching (3) It does not maintain the pulsatile
flow of blood through the arteries
and the passive recoil of lungs
following inspiration  It maintains the pulsatile flow of blood through the arteries and the passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

(i) This family consists of more than one species in the genus it is known as polytypic genus.
(ii) Species are intrageneric
(iii) A single genus is Felis which has a number of closely related species.
(iv) Different species of a single genus show the same morphological characteristics but their behavior varies
(v) Eg: Felis domestica (Domestic cat)
Felis margarita (Jungle cat)
Felis silvestris (Wild cat)

(i) Round worm (Ascaris): body is unsegmented, anterior and posterior ends are tapered, no circular muscles, body has 4 bundled musculature, intestinal worm spreads Ascariasis by contamination.
(ii) Pseudocoelomates: Coelom is filled by loosely arranged mesenchyme.
(iii) Digestive tract is reduced or absent.
(iv) Cuticle above the epidermis protects the animal from the effect of digestive juice of hosts.
(v) It is an endoparasite, living in jejunum and ileum of small intestine of human.
(vi) It exhibits sexual dimorphism
(vii) Male measures 9 cm long, its tail is curved and provided with the cloaca and a paired copulatory spicules.
(viii) Female measures 14 cm long, its tail is straight and provided with anus and excretory pore without copulatory spicules.

Choroid plexus is a network of blood capillaries found in the roof of the ventricles and forms cerebro spinal fluid (CSF) from the blood.

Cranium, facial bone, Bones of middle, ear, and Hyoid bone.

Pneumonia is considered a dangerous disease because,
(i) It affects the respiratory system and causes shortness of breath. In severe cases it affects the oxygen, carbon dioxide exchange in the alveoli. This may lead to hypoxia (decrease of oxygen). Finally death also can happen.
(ii) Pneumonia causes cough and spread of infectious organism in air. This will lead to infection of other people nearby. Thus it will spread easily and affect many.

S.N	Protonephridia	Metanephridia
1.	Primitive	Advanced
2.	Commonly found in primitive chordates (aquatic).	Commonly found in advanced terrestrial animals.
3.	NH3 is the excretory product.	NH3 or urea may be the excretory product.
4.	Originated /derived from invertebrates.	Originated/ derived from primitive chordates.

(i) Blood supply to kidney's is reduced.
(ii) Disposal of blood from the kidney's is reduced.
(iii) Auto regulation of micturition is disturbed.

(a) Ion goes to renal vein
(b) It goes to renal pelvis

1. Hydrostatic/Hydrostatic / Colloidal osmotic pressure maintains ultrafiltration of glomerulus.
2. The Efferent arteriole pressure opposes them.
3. Net filtration pressure = 55 mmHg - 30 mmHg + 15 mmHg = 10mmHg.

(i) Ingested food is to be completely digested.
(ii) Digestive medium should become normal conditions.
(iii) Maximum utilization of digestive secretions is to be performed for the digestion of food.
(iv) The stimulation of digestive hormonal secretions is to be regulated.

If a person diet does not contain iron, the synthesis of haemoglobin is lowered in bone marrow because each haemoglobin consists of 4 iron atoms to accept 4 O2

S.No. Arteries veins 1. Transport oxygenated blood except
pulmonary artery Transport deoxygenated blood except
pulmonary vein 2. Deeply seated Superficially seated 3. Branches of aorta Branches of venacavae 4. Have no valves Abdominal veins have only valves 5. Transports blood away from the heart Transport blood towards the heart 6. Walls are thicker Wall are thinner 7. Blood samples may rarely be taken Blood samples may be usually taken 8. Lumen is narrow Lumen is wider 9. Exhibit systolic pressure Exhibit diastolic pressure

(i) The head is small, triangular and lies at right angle to the longitudinal axis of the body.
(ii) The mouth parts are directed downwards so it is hypognathous.

(a) Clitellum Location: 14^th to 17^th segments appears as unsegmented externally
(b) Spermathecal openings: Location 6/7, 7/8 and 8/9 segments.