1. Headaches are common, but if its occur with fever, we must see doctor for a proper diagnosis.
2. The combination of a fever and a head ache may be a sign of a serious infection, that is localized to your brain or spinal cord, which forms central nervous system.
3. Some examples of central nervous system infections are meningitis, encephalitis or brain abscess.
4. Medical equipment can be used for it is EEG - Electroencephalogram.

1. MRI does not utilize ionizing radiation.
2.MRI uses a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and a computer to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal body structures.
3..The radio frequency pulses re-align hydrogen atoms that naturally exist within the body while the patient is in the scanner without causing any chemical changes in the tissues.
4.As the hydrogen atoms return to their usual alignment, they emit different amounts of energy that vary according to the type of body tissue from which they come.
5.The MR scanner captures this energy and creates a picture of the tissues scanned based on this information.
6. The magnetic field is produced by passing an electric current through wire coils in most MRI units
7. Other coils, located in the machine and in some cases, are placed around the part of the body being imaged, send and receive radio waves, producing signals that are detected by the coils. The electric current does not come in contact with the patient.
8. A computer then processes the signals and generates a series of images, each of which shows a thin slice of the body.
9. The images can then be studied from different angles and interpreted by a radiologist.

Receptors	Stimulus	Effector organs
Mechanoreceptors	Pressure and vibration	Mechanoreceptors are present in the cochlea of the inner ear and the semicircular canal and utriculus.
Chemoreceptors	Chemicals	Taste buds in the tongue and Nasal epithelium.
Thermoreceptors	Temperature	Skin
Photoreceptors	Light	Rod and cone cells of the retina in the eye.

A- Nucleus with nucleolus'
B- Myelin sheath
C- Dendrites
D- Nucleus
E- Schwann cell
F- Node of Ranvier

1. A group of specialized endocrine cells present in gastro intestinal tract secretes hormones such as gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin and gastric inhibitory peptides.
2. Gastrin acts on the gastric glands and stimulates the secrete of HCI and pepsinogen.
3. Cholecystokinin [CCK] is secreted by duodenum in response to the presence of fat and acid in the diet.
4. Secretin acts on acini cells of pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions and water to neutralize the acidity.
5. Gastric inhibitory peptide [GIP] inhibits gastric secretion and motility.

(i) Pancreas is a dual hormone which performs both the function of exocrine and endocrine glands.
(ii) It is a leaf like structure composed of two major tissues such as acini and islets of Langerhans.
(iii) Insulin is a peptide hormone and play an important role in glucose homeostasis.
(iv) When entire pancreas is removed, the body is left without the cells that produce insulin and hormones that help maintain safe blood sugar level. This leads to diabetes.

(i) In human, the pineal gland is situated behind the third ventricle of brain.
(ii) It is otherwise known as cerebri or conarium and formed of parenchymal cells and interstitial cells.
(iii) It secretes the hormone, melatonin, which plays a central role in the regulation of circadian rhythm of our body and maintains the normal sleep wake cycle.
(iv) It also regulates the timing of sexual maturation of gonads.
(v) In addition to this it play a important role in metabolism, pigmentation, menstrual cycle and defense mechanism of our body.

Cretinism is due lower secretion of growth hormone in infants; [ie] hypothyroidism.
Symptoms of Cretinism:
In infants, hypothyroidism causes cretinism .A cretin shows
1. Retarded skeletal growth
2. Absence of sexual maturity.
3. Retarded mental ability.
4. Thick wrinkled skin.
5. Protruded enlarged tongue.
6. Bloated face.
7. Thick and short limbs occurs

1 Lac cut from the host plant is called 'Stick lac'.
2. The lac present on the twig is scraped and collected.
3. After grinding, the unnecessary materials like dusts and fine particles are removed.
4. The resultant lac is called 'seed lac'.
5. The seed lac is sun dried and then melted to produce 'shellac'.
Uses:
1. It is used as sealing wax.
2. It is used as filling material for gold ornaments.
3. It is used in preparation of shoe and leather polishes.

(i) Worker bees are sterile females and smallest
(ii) They live in a chamber called "Worker Cell' and they perform different types of work in her life span.
(iii) During the first life span, she becomes a nurse bee attending indoor duties such as secretion of royal jelly, prepare bee bread to feed the larvae, take care of the queen and drones, secretes beeswax, builds combs, clean and fans the bee hives.
(iv) In the second life span she becomes soldier and guards the bee hive. She searches and gathers the pollen, nectar, propolis and water.

Types of movement: The different types of movements that occur in the cells of our body are amoeboid, ciliary, flagellar and muscular movement.
1. Amoeboid movement:
Cells such as macrophages exhibit amoeboid movement for engulfing pathogens by pseudopodia formed by the streaming movement of the cytoplasm.
2. Ciliary movement:
This type of movement occurs in the respiratory passages and genital tracts which are lined by ciliated epithelial cells.
3. Flagellar movement:
This type of movement occurs in the cells which are having flagella or whip-like motile organelle. The sperm cells show flagellar movement.
4. Muscular movement:
The movement of hands, legs, jaws, tongue are caused by the contraction and relaxation of the muscle which is termed as the muscular movement.

S.No	Proteins	Fats
1	Yield energy if carbohydrates and fats are not available.	Yield secondary concentrated source of energy.
2.	Nitrogenous wastes are mostly formed.	Less formed.
3.	Involve in growth and repair of the body.	Involve in growth of the body and serve as the reserve food.
4.	The caloric value and physiological fuel value of one gram of protein are 5.65 kcal and 4 kcal are respectively ICMR and WHO suggested that.	The caloric value of 9.45 kcal  and a physiological fuel value of 9 kcal per gram.
5.	1 gm/1kg of body weight needs proteins.	4 gm/60 kg of body weight needs fats/day.

Reason : None of these functions can be carried out by RBC. Red Blood Cells (RBC) contain haemoglobin pigment and play a major role in transport of respiratory gases.

Cartilaginous fishes	Living jawless fishes
1. These belong to Gnathostomata	They belong to agnatha
2. Paired appendages are found	Absent
3.Notochord is replaced by cartilaginous skeleton	Notochord in persistent
4.Includes jawed vertebrates	Includes jawless aquatic vertebrates

1. Eucoelom or true coelom is a fluid-filled cavity that develops within the mesoderm and is lined by mesodermal epithelium called peritoneum.
2. Such animals with a true body cavity are called eucoelomates
3. Based on the mode of formation of coelom, the eucoelomates are classified into two types,
i) Schizocoelomate animals - In these animals the body cavity is formed by splitting of mesoderm. Eg: Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs.
ii) Enterocoelomate animals - In these animals the body cavity is formed from the mesodermal pouches of archenteron. Eg: Echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates.

S.no Tissues Functions (1) Simple epithelium
  (a) Squamous:- forming a diffusion boundary
and filtration.
(b) Cuboidal:- Secretion and absorption.
(c) Columnar:- Secretes mucus for protection
by goblet cells.
(d) Pseudo stratified:- Protection, secretion
and absorption. (2) Compound epithelium (a) Striated Squamous:- forms keratinized dry
skin and non-keratinized moist lining of
the oesophagus, mouth, conjunctiva of
eyes and vagina.
(b) Stratified Columnar:- performs pharyngeal,
male urethral and some glandular duct
oriented functions.
(c) Transitional:- protects and stretches of
ureters, urinary bladder and a part of
urethra.

1. The ANS autonomic neural system is auto functioning and self-governed.
2. It is a part of the peripheral neural system that innervates smooth muscles, glands and cardiac muscle. This system controls and coordinates the involuntary activities of various organs.
3. ANS controlling centre is in the hypothalamus.

(i) The hormones are chemical messengers released into the blood and circulated as chemical signals.
(ii) They influence the metabolic activities of the body by means of hormones.
(iii) Deficiency or excess secretion of hormones will lead to disorders.
(iv) Thus hormones act as chemical messenger and coordinate different physical, physiological mental activities and maintain homeostasis.

Economic importance of prawn:
(i) Prawn is a very tasty proteinaceous food.
(ii) Economic growth can be achieved by prawn at a low cost.
(iii) It is profitable to cultivate prawns in fresh water at a low cost.
(iv) By Exporting prawns can also bring a lot of foreign currency to the country.

Cranium, facial bone, Bones of middle, ear, and Hyoid bone.

(i) Blood supply to kidney's is reduced.
(ii) Disposal of blood from the kidney's is reduced.
(iii) Auto regulation of micturition is disturbed.

Henle's loop

1. Podocytes end in foot processes found in the openings between the foot processes (Filtration slits).
2. Malpighian body/renal corpuscle.
3. Blood cells like RBCs, WBCs and platelets.

S.No.	Tergum	Sternum
(1)	Dorsal surface is formed.	Ventral surface is formed.
(2)	Sclerites are also called tergites.	Sclerites are also called sternites 7th 8th and 9th
(3)	Male genital pouch is formed by 9th, 10th tergal and 9th sterna sclerites.	Sternites form female genital pouch.

S.no. Peristomium Prostomium (1) It lies at the middle of the first
true segment It lies on pseudo or false segment (2) It starts to push the ingested
food into pharynx It starts ingestion (3) It serves as mouth A small flap overhanging the
mouth serves as upper lip