Rules of Nomenclature :
1. The scientific name should be italicized in printed form and if handwritten, it should be underlined separately.
2. The generic name's (Genus) first alphabet should be in uppercase.
3. Thespecificname(species)shouldbe in lowercase.
4. The scieritific names of any two organisms are not similar.

1. Ecosystem- A.G. Tansley, 1935
2. Biodiversity- Walter Rosen, 1985
3. Taxonomy- AP de Candolle
4. Father of Taxonomy (classical) - Aristotle
5. Father of modem taxonomy, Founder of modem systematics - Carolus Linnaeus
6. Aristotle- Historia Animalium
7. Theophrastus- Father of Botany
8. Species- John Ray (1627-1708)
9. Five kingdom classification- R.H. Whittaker (1969)
10. Three domain classification- Carl Woese(1977)
11. Seven kingdom classification- Cavalier-Smith (1987)
12. Binomial nomenclature- Carolus Linnaeus
13. John Ray- Methodus Plantarum Nova Historia Generalis Plantarum
14. Trinomial nomenclature- Husley and Strickland
15. Charles Darwin- Origin of species
16. Emsthaeckal- Cladogram

Tools and taxonomical aids may be different for the study of plants and animals. Herbarium and Botanical garden may be used as tools for the study of plant taxonomy. In the case of animal studies, the classical tools are Museum, Taxonomical Keys and Zoological and Marine parks.
The important components of the taxonomical tools are field visits, survey, identification, classification, preservation and documentation. Many tools are being used for taxonomical studies, amongst them some of the important tools are discussed below:
The classical taxonomical tools:
Taxonomical Keys: Keys are based on comparative analysis of the similarities and dissimilarities of organisms. There are separate keys for different taxonomic categories.
Museum: Biological museums have collection of preserved plants and animals for study and ready reference. Specimens of both extinct and living organisms can be studied.
Zoological parks: These are places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under human care which enables us to study their food habits and behaviour.
Marine parks: Marine organisms are maintained in protected enviroments. Printed taxonomical tools consist of identification cards, description, field guides and manuals.
Molecular taxonomical tools:
Technological advancement has helped to evolve molecular taxonomical tools from classical tools to molecular tools. The accuracy and authenticity is more significant in the molecular tools. The following methods are being used for taxonomical classification.
Molecular techniques and approaches such as DNA barcoding (short genetic marker ill an organism's DNA to identify it as belonging to a particular species), DNA hybridization (measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences), DNA fingerprinting (to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA), Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) analysis (difference in homologous DNA sequences that can be detected by the presence of fragments of different lengths after digestion of the DNA samples), and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) sequencing ( to amplify a specific gene, or portion of gene,) are used as taxonomical tools.
Automated species Identification tools:
It consists of Cyber tools. eg. DAISY, ALIS, ABIS, SPIDA, Draw wing, etc.

ALIS	Automated Leafhopper Identification System
DAISY	Digital Automated Identification System
ABIS	Automatic Bee Identification System
SPIDA	Species Identified Automatically (spiders, wasp and bee wing characters).
Draw Wing	Honey Bee wing identification

Neo taxonomical tools: This is based on Electron Microscopy images to study the molecular structures of cell organelles.
Ethology of taxonomical tools: Based on the behaviour of the organisms it can be classified. For example sound of birds, bioluminescence, etc
e-Taxonomic resources: iNOTAXA is an electronic resource for digital images and description about the species which was developed by Natural History Museum, London. INOTAXA means Integrated Open TAXonomic Access.

Before naming a new species there are certain pre-requisites that needs to be followed. Initially a holotype must be designated. A holotype is nothing but a single specimen that serves as the identifier for the entire new species. The holotype must possess the key features that differentiate the new species from the existing ones i.e., it must be unique. The details of the origin of the holotype, the environment in which it was collected and its paratypes must be provided.
Secondly, a description of the species must be provided. Definition must be in terms of behavioural, anatomical and genetic marks of the new species.
Thirdly, the species must be allocated a new name. Species are always identified by both generic name and a species name. Generic name of the species is the genus to which it belongs to and then the new species name is added. There are several rules and conventions involved in creating and managing the names of the new species.
Finally, the details of the newly found species must be published in a internationally accessible format and archived in multiple location.

The classical taxonomical tools:
1. Taxonomical Keys:
Keys are based on comparative analysis of the similarities and dissimilarities of organisms. There are separate keys for different taxonomic categories.
2. Museum:
Biological museums have collection of preserved plants and animals for study and ready reference. Specimens of both extinct and living organisms can be studied.
3. Zoological parks: These are places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under human care which enables us to study their food habits and behaviour.
4. Marine parks: Marine organisms are maintained in protected environments.
5. Printed taxonomical tools consist of identification cards, description, field guides, and manuals.