(i) The principle involved is different compounds are adsorbed on an adsorbent to different degree.
(ii) Silica gel and alumina are the commonly used adsorbent. The components of the mixture move by varying distances over the stationary phase.

1. A standard solution or a stock solution is a solution whose concentration is accurately known.
2. A standard solution of required concentration can be prepared by dissolving a required amount of a solute in a suitable amount of solvent.
3. It is done by transforming a known amount of solute to a standard flask of definite volume. A small amount of water is added to the flask and shaken well to dissolve the salt.
4.Then water is added to the flask to bring the solution level to the mark indicated at the top end of the flask.
5. The flask is stoppered and shaken well to make concentration uniform.

The change in pressure has significant eect only on equilibrium systems with gaseous components.
When the pressure on the sysem EMI tI·S· Increased, the volume decreases proportionately and the system responds by shifting the equilibrium in a direction that has fewer moles of gaseous molecules. Let us consider the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen
\({ N }_{ 2 }\left( g \right) +3{ H }_{ 2 }\left( g \right) \rightleftharpoons { 2NH }_{ 3 }\left( g \right) \)
Let the system, be allowed to attain equilibrium in a cylinder with a piston. If we press the piston down to increase the pressure, the volume decreases.
The system responds to this effect by reducing the number of gas molecules. i.e. it favours the formation of ammonia. If we pull the piston upwards to reduce the pressure, the volume increases. It favours the decomposition of ammonia

However, when the total number of the moles of the gaseous reactants and the gaseous products are equal, the change in pressure has no effect on system at equilibrium.

Restricted rotation around C=N (oximes) gives rise· to geometrical isomerism in oximes. Here 'syn' and 'anti' are used instead of cis and trans respectively. In the syn isomer the H atom of a doubly bonded carbon and -OH group of doubly bonded nitrogen lie on the same side of the double bond, while in the anti isomer, they lie on the opposite side of the double bond. For Eg:

PV = Boyle's constant.
But \(PV=nRT=\frac{w}{M}\times RT\)
=\(\frac{8}{10} mol \times0.0821 L atm K^{-1} mol^{-1}\times 300 K \)
= 12.315 L atm.
Hence Boyle's constant is 12.315 L atm.

The heat absorbed, when one mole of liquid is boiled at its boiling point reversibly, is called molar heat of vapourisation. The entropy change is given by
\({ \triangle S }_{ v }=\frac { { \triangle H }_{ v } }{ { T }_{ b } } \)
where ΔH_v is Molar heat of vaporisation. Tb is boiling point.

Hydrogen bonding is because of dipole-dipole interactions between the molecule in which hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom.

The first period n= 1, it is the first energy level and has only 1s orbital which can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons hence the number of elements in the first period is only 2.

1. Fading of the colour of the clothes 
2. Burning of cooking gas, fuel, wood, etc.
3. Rusting of Iron
4. Extraction of Metals

For 3p-orbital n = 3, l = 1
Number of angular nodes = l = 1
Number of radial nodes = n - l -1 = 3 - 1 - 1 =1