(i)  Business to Customer (B2C) :
1. This is fastest growing segment in e-commerce space.
2. Under this model, business concern sells directly to consumers
(ii) Business to Business (B2B) :
1. Under the model, business concerns transact with one another through internet.
2. For instance, Snapdeal, Flipkart, Alibaba, Indiamart, Trade India. Com etc
(iii) Consumer to consumer (C2C) :
1. Under this model, customers sell directly to other customers through online classified advertisement or through auction or through mobile or through market places. 
2. Example : Indian ventures in C 2 C are Kraftly App (Buying and Selling anything) which deals in hand made products of a wide range. Once again store.
3. Com is a website that buys pre ~ owned women's fashion products. Other players are quikr,Olx, ebay etc 
(iv) Customer to Business (C2B) :
1. This model is reverse to auction model. Products like automobile, electronic items furniture and similar product are traded by customer through websites. 
2. Example : Naukri.com, and Monster.com are examples of Indian companies operating in this domain.
(v) Business to Government (B2G) :
1. This model envisages selling products and services by business consumer to Government organization.
2. For instance TCS operates the passport application process for the Government of India as part off - line process.

BPO	KPO
1. To focus on key function.	1. Usage of best skills
2. Benefit of specialization /efficiency	2. Ultimate use of knowledge
3. Cost cutting	3. Finding solution to complex problem
4. Economic growth and development	4. Reduction of expenditure
5. Increasing profit	5. Special focus on principal functions
6. Catering to the dynamic demand	6. Outsources reduces risk

Benefits:
a) Focusing on Core Activities:
Companies can focus on their core competence, a few areas where the company has distinct capability. The rest of the activities (non core) can be outsource to outside agencies.
b) To Fillip Economic Development:
Outsourcing stimulates entrepreneurship, encourages employment opportunities, expands exports, enables tremendous growth of the economy.
c) Encourages Employment Opportunities:
Companies that are outsourcing their non core activities provide chances for other small business units to take up the activities. This paves way for more job opportunities and new employment avenues.
d) Reduction in Investment:
Companies through outsourcing avails the services of outsiders which in turn reduces the investment requirements. The amount so available can be utilized productively and this increases the profits.
e) Quest for Excellence:
Outsourcing enables the firms to pursue excellence in two ways namely excelling themselves in the activities they do and excel outsiders by extending their capabilities through contracting out.

a. Maintenance of book debts :
A factor takes the responsibility of maintaining the accounts of debtors of a business institution
b. Credit coverage :
The factor accepts the risk burden of loss of bad debts leaving the seller to concentrate on his core business.
c. Cash advances: 
Around eighty percent of the total amount of accounts receivables is paid as advance cash to the client
d. Collection service :
Issuing reminders, receiving part payments, collection of cheques form part of the factoring service.
e. Advice to clients :
From the past history of debtors, the factor is able to provide advices regarding the credit worthiness of customers, perception of customers about the products of the client, etc.

Characteristics of franchising:
1. Franchise relationship is based on an agreement which lays, down terms and conditions of this relationship.
2. The term of franchise may be for 5 years or more. The franchise agreement may be renewed with the mutual consent of the parties.
3. The franchisee gives an undertaking not to carry any other competing business during the term of the franchise; and the franchiser gives an undertaking not to terminate the franchise agreement before its expiry except under situations which may justify the termination of the franchise agreement.
4. The franchisee agrees to pay specified royalty to the franchiser, as per terms of the franchise agreement.
5. Franchise means selling the same product and maintaining a Similar type of shop decor (i.e. style of interior decoration) for which franchiser provides assistance to franchisee in organising, merchandising and management.
6. The franchiser virtually sets up the business for the franchisee.
7. Franchisee is supposed to follow parent company's policies regarding mode of business operations, as per clauses in the franchise, agreement.
8. Franchiser may give training to personnel working in the franchisee's organization.