1. A proxy server acts as an intermediary between the end users and a web server. A client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resources available from a different server.
2. The proxy server examines the request, checks authenticity and grants the request based on that. Proxy servers typically keep the frequently visited site addresses in its cache which leads to improved response time.

Pharming:
Pharming is a scamming practice in which malicious code is installed on a personal computer or server, misdirecting users to fraudulent web sites without their knowledge or permission. Pharming has been called "phishing without a trap". It is another way hackers attempt to manipulate users on the Internet. It is a cyberattac intended to redirect a website's traffic to a fake site.

1. Cyber attacks are launched primarily for causing significant damage to a computer system or for stealing important information from an individual or from an organization.
2. Cyber security is a collection of various technologies, processes and measures that reduces the risk of cyber-attacks and protects organizations and individuals from computer-based threats.

An Ethical issue is a problem or issue that requires a person or organization to choose between alternatives that must be evaluated as right (ethical) or wrong (unethical). These issues must be addressed and resolved to have a positive influence in society.
Some of the common ethical issues are listed below:
1. Cyber crime
2. Software Piracy
3. Unauthorized Access
4. Hacking
5. Use of computers to commit fraud
6. Sabotage in the form of viruses
7. Making false claims using computers.