A file is an object on a computer that stores data, information, settings, or commands used with a computer program

(i) It is used in computers and laptops that allow same data and applications to be accessed by multiple users at the same time.
(ii) The users can also communicate with each other. Windows, Linux and UNIX are examples for multi user Operating System.

Windows, Linux, Unix.

An operating system allows a single user to perform a task at a time. It is called as Single user and single Task operating system.

It refers to the software which is made available with a right to redistribute copies.

(i) Software must be available free or at a low cost
(ii) Source code must be included
(iii) Anyone must be allowed to modify the source code.
(iv) Modified versions can be redistributed.

It keeps track of the next memory address of the instruction that is to be executed once the execution of the current instruction is completed.

On the basis of data width they process at a time.

The information used to describe the memory location travels along the address bus.

The three basic characteristics used to differentiate microprocessors.
(i) Clock speed
(ii) Instruction set
(iii) Word size (Band width)

(i) Intel P6
(ii) Pentium IV
(iii) AMD K6
(iv) AMD K7

The microprocessors classified based on Instruction set:
(i) Reduced Instruction Set Computers(RISC)
(ii) Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC)

It denotes read and write operation, where 1 (R) denotes read operation and 0 (\(\bar{W}\)) denotes write operation.

(i) MHz (Mega Hertz)
(ii) GHz (Giga Hertz)

(i) Address Bus
(ii) Data Bus
(iii) Control Bus

Given                        4        A       8       C
Convert each digit  0100  1010   1000   1100
= 100101010001100₂

The term complement refers to a part which together with another makes up a whole. The one's complement performs the logical negation on each individual bit.

The Left Most Bit (LSB) : 1
Multiply by 2, add next bit (2 x 1) + 0 = 2
Multiply by 2, add next bit (2 x 0) + 1 = 5
Multiply by 2, add next bit (2 x 5) + 1 = 11
Multiply by 2, add next bit (2 x 11) + 0 = 22
Multiply by 2, add next bit (2 x 22) + 1 = 45
(101101)₂ = 45₁₀

(i) There are two procedures for converting from decimal to binary.
(ii) They are Expansion Method Repeated division by 2.

Repeated division method with a division factor of 8.

There are different set of keys available in the keyboard such as character keys, modifier keys, system and GUI keys, enter and editing keys, function keys, navigation keys, numeric keypad and lock keys.

Natural Language Processing is the ability of a computer program to understand human language. It is a component of artificial intelligence.

(i) Microcomputer
(ii) Portal Computers

(i) Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits.
(ii) Ultra Large Scale Integration

IBM 1401, IBM 1620, UNIVAC 1108