In cryptography a key is a piece of information (parameter) that determines the functional output of a cryptographic algorithm.

Output-l :
Enter a Character: 3
The Return Value of isdigit(ch) is :1

The only difference between structure and class is the members of structure are by default public where as it is private in class.

A	B
(a) Modulus	(2) Remainder of a division
(b) Separators	(3) Punctuators
(c) Stream extraction	(4) get from
(d) Lexical Units	(1) Tokens

Conditional Statement	Iterative Statement
Statements are executed only once when the condition is true.	Iterative statement repeatedly evaluates a condition and executes a statement until it becomes false.
If condition statement.	While condition statement.

\(\text { Fact }(\mathrm{n})=\left\{\begin{array}{l} 1 \text { if } \mathrm{n}=0 \\ \mathrm{n} * \text { fact }(\mathrm{n}-1) \text { otherwise } \end{array}\right.\)
Recursive Algorithm:
Fact (n)
-- inputs: n
outputs: Fact=n!
if(n-0)- --base case
otherwise
1
else
n fact (n-1)--recursive step

 A bus is a collection of wires used for communication between the internal components of a computer.

Security Management features:
File access level security, System level security, Network level security.

Input Unit	Output Unit
An input device feeds information to a computer system for processing.	output device reproduces or displays the results of that processing.
Input devices only allow for input of data to a computer.	output devices only receive the output of data from another device.
It is a peripheral device used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as computer.	It is a unit which sends data from the computer to another device.
Eg. keyboard, mouse	Eg. printer, monitor

(i) Private inheritance should be used when you want the features of the base class to be available to the derived class but not to the classes that are derived from the derived class.
(ii) Protected inheritance should be used when features of base class to be available only to the derived class members but not to the outside world.
(iii) Public inheritance can be used when features of base class to be available the derived class members and also to the outside world.

Function overloading can be applied for constructors, as constructors are special functions of classes. A class can have more than one constructor with different signature. Constructor overloading provides flexibility of creating multiple type of objects for a class.
1. Memory is allocated for the objects.
2. Initialisation for the objects.

Encapsulation is the most striking feature of a class. The data is not accessible to the outside world, and only those functions which are wrapped in the class can access it. This encapsulation of data from direct access by the program is called data hiding or information hiding.

An array of strings is a two-dimensional character array. The size of the first index (rows) denotes the number of strings and the size of the second index (columns) denotes the maximum length of each string. Usually, array of strings are declared in such a way to accommodate the null character at the end of each string. For example, the 2-D array has the declaration:
char Name[7][10];
In the above declaration,
No. of rows = 7;
No. of columns = 10;
we can store 7 strings each of maximum length 10 characters.

The syntax of if-else ladder:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
(
int num:
cout<<"Enter Number to find its multiplication table";
cin >> num;
for (int a = 1; a<= 10; a++)
{
cout << num << "*" << a << "=" << num*a << endl;
}
return 0;
}

File management functions of an operating system involves keeping track of all different data/files and maintaining the correctness of data stored in the files including file directory structure.

NAND and NOR gates are called Universal gates, because the fundamental logic gates can be realized through them.

Let P be the required property of the inputs and Q the property of the desired outputs.
Format of specification of an algorithm:
(a) Algorithm name (Inputs)
(b) Inputs - P
(c) Outputs - Q

Output:
Parameterized Constructor with default argument
Parameterized Constructor with default argument
Object 1 with both values
The two integers are ... 10 20
The sum of the variables 10 + 20 = 30
Object 2 with one value and one default value
The two integers are ...50 100
The sum of the variables 50 + 100 = 150

The function :: inform ( ) can access public data members of classes X and Y and the function display ( ) provided, the definition of; : inform ( ) occurs after the declaration of X, Y and display ( ).
X:: init(), X:: gett ( ), X:: getamti land A () can access all the members of X and :: inform().
Y :: readit ( ), y : : inform ( ) and B ( ) can access all the member ofY, public and protected member of X (the inherited memebrs) and :: inform ( ) (only withe the scope resolutoin operator: : ).
:: display ( ) can access public members of X and Y, ::.
infonn( ) , and A ( ) and B ( ) if only their declarations (A ( ) 's and B ( ) 's occur before display ( ).

(i) Constructor overloading (function 1 and function 4 are constructors with different signatures in the class book)
(ii) Function 3 is destructor of the class. Function 3 is executed when the object of the class book goes out of scope.
(iii) Function 3 is destructor of the class.
1. Destructor (function3) will free resources if any that the object may have acquired during its lifetime
2. Destructor function removes the memory of an object which was allocated by the constructor at the time of creating an object. Thus frees the unused memory.
(iv) book b;
b.display (4.5);
(v) Book: :Book (int sc.char.s[], float, F) // Function 4
{
Book Code SC
strcpy (Book name, S);
fees-F;
}

#inclue< iostream.h > 
using namespace std;
struct book
{
char bname[20];
char author[20];
int price;
}b[10];
void input (struct book a[])
{
int i;
cout << "Enter the book details'' < for(i=0; i < 10; i++)
{
cout << "Enter book name"<
cin >> b[i].bname;
cout << "Enter Author name''< 
cin >> b[i].author;
cout << "Enter the price of the book"<|
cin >> b[i].price;
}
}
void display (struct book b[])
{
int i; total = 0;
for(i=0; i<9; i++)
{
cout << "Book Name < cout << "Author Name: < cout << ''Book Price: < total = total + b[i].prince < cout << ''Total price''< }
}
int main()
{
input(b);
display(b);
return 0;
}

A function that calls itself is known as recursive function. And, this technique is known as recursion.
#include
using namespace std;
int factorial(int);//Function prototype//
int main ()
{
int no;
cout <<"\nEnter a number to find its factorial;";
cin>>no;
cout <<"\nFactorial of Number" < return 0;
}
int factorial(int m)
{
if (m>1)
{
return m*factorial(m-1);
}
else
{
return 1;
}
}
Output:
Enter a number to find its factorial: 5
Factorial of Number 5 = 120

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a1, b1 lem, ged-1, p;
cout << "\n Enter 1st no:";
cin>>a1;
cout << "\n Enter 2nd no:";
cin >> b1;
p=a1*b1;
for (int i = al; i<-p; i++)
if (i%al == 0) && (i%b1 == 0)
{
1cm=i;
break;
}
cin.get():
cout << "L.C.M. =" <<lcm<<endl;
gcd=p/LCM;
cout<<"G.C.D="<< ged;
cin.get():
return 0;
}

To copy file(s) or folder(s), first select the file(s) or folder(s) and then choose one of the following:
(i) Click on the EDIT menu, select the COPY function.
(ii) Keyboard shortcut, CTRL + C.
(iii) Or else click on the selected item with the RIGHT mouse button and select "COPY" from the shortcut menu.
To place a copy of the file( s) or folder( s) in the new location, navigate to the new location then paste using one of the following:
(i) Click on the EDIT menu, select the PASTE function.
(ii) Keyboard shortcut, CTRL + V.
(iii) In the position where you want the item to be pasted, click with the Right mouse button and select "Paste" from the shortcut menu.
Method Dragging and Dropping:
(i) In the RIGHT pane, select the file( s) or folder( s) you want to copy.
(ii) Manipulate the FOLDER LIST on the left side of the Windows Explorer so that it shows the new location.
(iii) Make sure you use the scroll bars and the + and ( collapse and expand buttons) to navigate.
(iv) Hold down the CTRL key on the keyboard and at the same time, click and drag the selected file(s) and/or folder(s) over to the FOLDER LIST on the left, and drop it where you want to copy the file(s) and/or folder(s) to.
(v) Before dropping, make sure the target folder is highlighted (active). Also make sure you release the mouse before you release the CTRL key when dropping.
(vi) The file(s) and folder(s) will now appear in the new area.

Ans.(a)
Let a, b, c be the variables whose maximum value are 8L, 5L and 3L respectively.
Initial State

a, b, c: 4, 4,0
Specifications:
1 decant
2-inputs: a, b, c: =8,0,0
3-outputs: a, b, c: = 4, 4, 0
Algorithm:
Let us assume that a: = b denote oil in b is poured into a bottle until either "a" is full or "b" becomes empty.
1 decant (a, b, c)
2 a, b, c:=8,0,0
3 b:=a
4 --a, b, c: 3, 5, 0.
5 c:=b
6 --a, b, c: = 3, 2, 3
7 a:=c
8 -- a, b, c: = 6, 2,0
9 c:=b
10 --a, b, c:=6,0,2
11 b: a
12 a, b, c: = 1, 5, 2
13 c:=b
14 --a, b, c: 1, 4, 3
15 a: c
16 --a, b, c: = 4, 4,0

Registers:
(i) Registers are the high-speed temporary storage locations in the CPU. Hence, their contents can be handled much faster than the' contents of memory.
(ii) Although the number of registers varies from computer to computer, there are some registers which are common to all computers. Five registers that are essential for instruction execution are:
(iii) Program Counter (PC): Contains the address of the next instruction to be fetched.
(iv) Instruction Register (IR): Contains the instruction most recently fetched.
(v) Memory Address Registers (MAR): Contain the address of a location in memory for read and write operations.
(vi) Memory Buffer Register (MBR): It contains the value to be stored in memory or the last value read from memory.
(vii) Accumulator (ACC): An accumulator is a general purpose register used for storing temporary result produced by the arithmetic logic unit.

(a) Clock speed-Each microprocessor has an internal clock that regulates the speed at which it executes instructions. The speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions is called clock speed. It is measured in MHz vi in GHz.
(b) Instructions set - The set of machine level instructions that a microprocessor is designed to execute is called as an instruction set. This carries 4 types of operations. They are
1. Data transfer
2. Arithmetic operations
3. Logical Operations
4. Control flow
5. Input/output
(c) Word size - The number of bits that can be processed by a processor in a single instruction is called as its word size. It determines the amount of RAM that can be accessed at one time and the total number of pins on the microprocessor. Total number of input and output pins in turn determines the architecture of the microprocessor.