Binary equivalent of -13 = 1101
8 bit format =00001101
1's complement =11110010
Add 1 to LSB =+1
2' s Complement of -13 -11110011

A6

A6₁₆ = 10100110₂

This is the operating system that provides a GUI through which the user can navigate and interact.

Function is a sub-algorithm.

It is the software in which the source code is available to the general public for use and modification from its original design, free of charge.

ANN - Artificial Neural networks;
OCR - Optical Character Recognition

PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory
EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

The first commercial microprocessor, Intel 4004 is a 4-bit processor. It has 4 input pins and 4 output pins. Number of output pins is always equal to the number of input pins. It can process 4 bits at a time. So it is called as a 4-bit processor.

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge.

The two basic types of RAM
(i) Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
(ii) Static RAM (SRAM)

(i) RAM - Random Access Memory
(ii) ROM - Read only Memory

The given messages are represented in computer as Information \(\rightarrow \) Data \(\rightarrow \)Knowledge.

(i) Decimal Number system
(ii) Binary Number system
(iii) Octal Number system
(iv) Hexadecimal Number system

(i) Numbers
(ii) Text
(iii) Graphics
(iv) Animations
(v) Audio
(vii) Video etc

Windows 7 - Ordinary password security while logging
Windows 8 - Ordinary password security while logging.
Windows 10 - Windows Hello, one of the security which lets you log-in using a fingerprint, face or iris scan instead of a password.

Trash is the equivalent of Recycle bin. All the deleted Files or Folders are moved here.

(i) Libre Office Writer - MS-word
(ii) Libre Office Calc - MS-Excel
(iii) Libre Office Impress - MS-Powerpoint

Basic Input / Output System.

(i) CRT- Cathode Ray Tube
(ii) LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
(iii) LED - Light Emitting Diodes

Microphone serves as a voice Input device. It captures the voice data and send it to the Computer.

(i) It is open source OS.
(ii) It can be modified and distributed by anyone.
(iii) It is easy to customize.
(iv) There are many distributors.

(i) Security Management
(ii) Control over system performance

The system performance is good if the given task is finished within this time line. If it is not done, the situation is called "Deadline Overrun".

(i) Full multitasking with protected memory.
(ii) Available on a wide variety of machines.

(i) Controlling input and output devices
(ii) Managing the utilization of main memory.