1. Windows XP was developed in the year 2001
2. It introduced 64 bit processor.
3. Improved windows appearance with themes and offered a stable version.

1. Any type of data in a computer is stored in the form of flies and directories / folders through File Allocation Table (FAT).
2. The FAT stores general information about files like file name, type (text or binary), size, starting address and access mode (sequential/indexed / indexed - sequential/direct / relative).

1. Scheduling processes and threads on the cpu.
2. Creating and deleting both user and system processes.
3. Suspending and resuming processes.
4. Providing mechanisms for process synchronization.
5. Providing mechanisms for process communication.

Creating Shortcuts on the Desktop
Shortcuts to your most often used folders and files may be created and placed on the Desktop to help automate your work.
(i) Select the file or folder that you wish to have as a shortcut on the Desktop.
(ii) Right click on the file or folder.
(iii) Select Send to from the shortcut menu, then select Desktop (create shortcut) from the submenu.
 (iv) A shortcut for the file or folder will now appear on your desktop and you can open it from the desktop in the same way as any other icon.

In iterative control flow, a condition ofthe state is tested, and if the condition is true, a statement is executed. The two steps of testing the condition and executing the statement are repeated until the condition becomes false.

 1)  0 x 0 = 0
 2)  1 x 1 = 1
 3)  1 x 0 = 0
 4)  0 x 0 = 0

(i) Computers use binary number system for counting and arithmetic operations.
(ii) The number system has base 2 and it uses 2 digits 0 and 1.
(iii) A string which have any combination of these two digits is called binary number. It would be written as (1001)₂

(FACE)₁₆
\(\overset { F }{ \underset { 1110 }{ \downarrow } } \) \(\overset { A}{ \underset { 1111 }{ \downarrow } } \)\(\overset { C }{ \underset { 1010 }{ \downarrow } } \)\(\overset { E }{ \underset { 1110 }{ \downarrow } } \)
(FACE)₁₀  (1111101011001110)₂

There are three important control flow statements:
(i) Sequential
(ii) Alternative
(iii) Iterative

(i) Pseudo code is a mix of programming-language like constructs and plain English. This notation is not formal nor exact. It uses the same building blocks as programs, such as variables and control flow.
(ii) But it allows the use of natural English for statements and conditions. An algorithm expressed as pseudo code is not for computers to execute directly, but for 'human readers to understand.
(iii) Therefore, there is no need to follow the rules of the grammar of a programming language. However, even pseudo-code must be rigorous and correct. Pseudo code is the most widely used notation to represent algorithms

(i) RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computers. They have a small set of highly optimized instructions.
(ii) Complex instructions are also implemented using simpler instructions, thus reducing the size of the instruction set.
(iii) Examples of RISC processors are Intel P6, Pentium IV, AMD K6 and K7.

Word size determines the amount of RAM that can be accessed by a at one time and the total number of pins on the microprocessor. Total number of input and output pins in turn determines the architecture of the microprocessor.

(i) The microprocessor which is an Integrated Circuit. Microprocessors were first introduced in early 1970s. The first general purpose microprocessor, 4004 was developed by Intel Inc.
(ii) The microprocessor is a programmable multipurpose silicon chip. It is driven by clock pulses. It accepts input as a binary data and after processing, it provides the output data as per the instructions stored in the memory.

(i) Ubuntu is a Linux-based operating system. It is designed for computers, smart phones, and network servers.
(ii) The system is developed by a UK based company called Canonical Ltd.
(iii) All the principles used to develop the Ubuntu software are based on the principles of Open Source software development.

(i) Bharat Operating System Solution (BOSS) is the acronym of BOSS GNU / Linux or BOSS Linux.
(ii) It has been described as 'India's Own PC OS'.
(iii) It is developed by National Resource Center for Free/Open Source Software (NRCFOSS). It is available in all official Indian languages.

Hardware are the physical components of a computer like a motherboard, memory devices, monitor, keyboard etc while the software is the set of programs or instructions. Both hardware and software together make the computer system function.

(i) Super Large Scale Integrated chips
(ii) Parallel Processing
(iii) Superconductors
(iv) Computers very small in size
(v) Acts more faster
(vi) Usage of High-level languages
(vii) Can recognize Images and Graphs
(viii) Introduction of Artificial Intelligence Software
(ix) Able to solve high complex problems including decision making and logical reasoning.

Fingerprint Scanner:
Fingerprint Scanners is a fingerprint recognition device used for computer security equipped with the fingerprint recognition module feature that uses biometric technology. Fingerprint Reader/Scanner is very safe and convenient device for security instead of password, that is vulnerable to fraud and is hard to remember.

(i) An as is a system software which serves as the interface between a user and computer.
(ii) It is defined as a collection of programs that coordinates the operations of computer hardware and software.
(iii) On the basis of interaction, the Operating systems are divided in two types as GUI and CUI.

(i) Robot is a term coined by Karel Capek in the 1921 play RUR (Rossum's Universal Robots).
(ii) It is used to describe a computerized machine designed to respond to input received manually or from its surroundings.

The functions of OS
(i) Process Management
(ii) Device management
(iii) Memory Management
(iv) File Management
(v) Security Management
(vi) Storage Management

(a) Multi-user OS
(b) Distributed OS
(c) Single user OS

(i) Easy interaction between the human and computer.
(ii) Starting computer operation automatically when power in turned on (Booting).
(iii) Controlling input & output devices.
(iv) Managing the utilization of main memory.
(v) Providing security to user program.

The specification of an algorithm consists of the name of the algorithm (together with its inputs), the input property, and the desired input-output relation.

The abstraction used in a variety of ways while constructing algorithms - in the specification of problems, representing state by variables, and decomposing an algorithm to functions.