(i) Goods and services provided by the nature are called as natural resources.
(ii) In other words, any stock or reserve that can be drawn from nature is a natural resources.
Land resources:
The area operated by large holdings (above 10 hectares) and the area operated under marginal holding (less than one hectare) has increased. This indicates is being fragmented.
Forest Resources:
India's forest cover in 2001 is 69.09 million hectare which 21.02 percent of the geographical area, of this 8.35 million hectare is very dense forest, 31.90 million moderately dense rest of the 28.84 million hectare is open forest.
Important Mineral:
"India possesses high quality iron - ore in abundance. The total reserves of iron - ore in the country are about 14.630 million tonnes of haematite and 10,619 million tonnes of magnetite
Coal and lignite:
Coal is the largest available mineral resources, India ranks third in the world after China and USA in the real of coal production.
Bauxite:
Bauxite is a main source of metal like aluminium.
Mica:
India stands first in sheet mica production and contributes 60% of mica trade in the world.
Crude Oil:
Oil is being explored in India at many places.
Gold:
India possesses only a limited gold reserve. There are only 3 main gold mine regions in our country.
Diamond:
As per UNECE the total reserves of diamond is estimated at around 4582, thousand carats which are mostly available in panna, Madhya Pradesh, Rammallakota of kunnur district of Andhra Pradesh and also in the Basin of Krishna River.

Introduction:
(i) Gandhian economics is based on ethical foundations.
(ii) He wrote, "Economics that hurts the moral well-being of an individual or a nation is immoral and so sinful".
Village republics:
(i) To Gandhi, India lives in villages.
(ii) He was interested in developing the villages as self-sufficient units.
(iii) He opposed extensive use of machinery, urbanization and industrialization.
On machinery:
(i) Gandhi described machinery as 'Great sin'.
(ii) It is an evil and would finally end.
Industrialism:
(i) Gandhi considered industrialism as a curse on mankind and would exploit the nation.
Decentralization:
(i) He favoured production in the people's homes at a large number of places on a small scale.
Village Sarvodaya:
(i) He suggested the development of self-sufficient, self-dependent villages.
Bread labour:
(i) Gandhi realised the dignity of human labour. He believed that man should eat his bread by the sweat of his brow. Bread labour or body labour meant manual labour.
Doctrine of trusteeship:
(i) Trusteeship provides a means of transforming the present capitalist order of society into an egalitarian one.
(ii) But India today has casino and crony capitalism.
On the food problem:
(i) Gandhi was against food controls.
(ii) Such controls created artificial scarcity. Today, India tops in the world with large production of fruits, vegetables, milk, egg, meat etc.
On Population:
(i) Gandhi opposed population control through contraceptives.
(ii) He favoured birth control through Brahmacharya or self-control.
(iii) This is the remedy to over population.
On prohibition:
(i) Gandhi advocated total prohibition, regarded use of liquor as a disease.
(ii) But today many states depend on revenue from liquor sales.
Conclusion: If Gandhi's ideas are followed, India will soon become a developed nation.

Introduction:
(i) Jawaharlal Nehru one of the chief builders of modern India was the first Prime Minister of Independent India.
(ii) He was a great patriot, thinker and statesman.
Democracy and secularism:
(i) Nehru believed in democracy, free speech, civil liberty, adult franchise, the Rule of law and Parliamentary democracy.
(ii) He favoured secularism.
(iii) Secularism means equal respect for all religions. In our country we have Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and so on.
(iv) But there is no domination by religious majority.
Planning:
(i) Nehru introduced planning in our country.
(ii) Planning was linked with industrialisation and self-reliance.
(iii) Nehru contributed to the advancement of science, research, technology and industrial development.
(iv) Many IITs and Research Institutions were established.
Democratic socialism:
(i) Nehru wanted a socialistic pattern of society.
(ii) His socialism is democratic socialism.
Conclusion:
(i) Nehru's views on economics and social problems are found in his innumerable speeches and in the books he wrote.

Introduction:
The mineral resources in India are iron ore, coal, lignite, bauxite, mica, crude oil, gold and diamond.
Iron ore:
(i) India possesses high quality iron ore in abundance.
(ii) There is 14,630 million tonnes of hematite and 10,619 million tonnes of magnetite.
(iii) Hematite iron is found in Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Goa and Karnataka.
(iv) Magnetite iron is available at Western coast of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh.
Coal and Lignite:
(i) Coal is the largest available mineral resource. India ranks third in the world after China and USA in coal production.
(ii) The coal centres are in Bihar, W.Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
(iii) Bulk of coal production comes from Bengal Jharkhand coalfields.
Bauxite:
(i) Bauxite is the main source of aluminium.
(ii) Major reserves are in East Coast, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
Mica:
(i) It is a heat resisting mineral - a bad conductor of electricity.
(ii) It is used as an insulator. India stands first in sheet mica production.
(iii) It contributes 60% of mica trade in the world. Mica bearing pegmatite is found in Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar and Rajasthan.
Crude oil:
Oil is being explored at Assam and Gujarat, Digboi, Badarpur, Naharkatia, Kasimpur, Pallaria, Rudrapur, Shivasagar, Mourn in Assam and Bay of Khambhat, Ankaleshwar and Kalol in Gujarat are the oil exploration places in India.
Gold:
There is only limited gold reserve in three gold mine regions, Kolar Goldfield in Kolar district, Hutti Goldfield in Raichur district (both in Karnataka) and Ramgiri Goldfield in Anantpur district in Andhra Pradesh.
Diamond:
(i) The total diamond reserve of 4582 thousand carats is found in Panna (Madhya Pradesh), Rammallakota of Kurnool district (Andhra Pradesh) and in the Basin of Krishna river.
(ii) The new Kimberlite fields have been discovered in Raipur and Pastar districts of Chattisgarh, Nuapada and Bargarh districts of Odisha, Narayenpet - Maddur Krishna areas of Andhra Pradesh and Raichur-Gulbarga districts of Karnataka.

Introduction:
Indian economy is the seventh largest economy of the world. Its features are:
Mixed economy:
(i) In India private and public sectors co-exist.
(ii) Some fundamental and heavy industries are under public sector.
(iii) Due to liberalization private sector's importance has increased.
Agriculture:
(i) 60 % of Indians depend on agriculture for their livelihood.
(ii) 17 % of GDP is got from agricultural sector.
(iii) Green revolution and inventions in biotechnology have made agriculture self sufficient.
(iv) The export of fruits, vegetables, spices, tobacco, animal skin, vegetable oils also add to foreign exchange earning.
An emerging market:
(i) India has emerged as a vibrant economy sustaining stable GDP growth rate even when there was global downtrend.
(ii) This has attracted foreign capital through FDI and FII.
(iii) India is in the 7^th position in terms of nominal GDP and 3^rd in terms of purchasing power parity.
(iv) India is one among the G20 countries.
Fast growing economy:
(i) With a growth rate of 7.1% in GDP India is the world's fastest growing economy in 2016-17 next to China.
Fast growing service sector:
(i) There has been growth in technical sectors like Information Technology, BPO.
(ii) These emerging services have helped the country to go global.
Large domestic consumption:
(i) The standard of living has improved a lot. There is rapid increase in domestic consumption.
Rapid growth of urban areas:
(i) There has been a rapid growth of urban areas in India after Independence. Improved connectivity in transport and communication, education and health have speeded up urbanization.
Stable macroeconomy:
(i) India is one of the most stable economies of the world.
(ii) The current year's economic survey represents the Indian economy to be a "heaven of macroeconomic stability, resilience and optimism".
Demographic dividend:
(i) The human capital is young.
(ii) They are young, skilled and trained enough to maximize growth.
(iii) This has invited foreign investments and outsourcing opportunities.