1. Muslims brought their musical instruments like Rabab and Sarangi. Amir Khusrau proclaimed that Indian music had a pre- eminence over all the other music of the world.
2. The Sufi practice of Sama, recitation of love poetry to the accompaniment of music, was instrumental in promotion of music.
3. PirBhodan, a Sufi saint, was considered a great musician of the age.

1. Iltutmish organized a Corps of Forty, all drawn from Turkish nobility and selected persons from this Forty for appointments in military and civil administration.
2. The Corps of Forty became so powerful to the extent of disregarding the wishes of Iltutmish, and after his death, to place Rukn-ud-Din Firoz on the throne.

1. The Turko-Afghan political conquests were followed by large- scale Muslim social migrations from Central Asia. India was seen as a land of opportunity.
2. The society in all stages was based on privileges with the higher classes enjoying a better socio-economic life with little regard of one's religion.

1. Al-Beruni: Tarikh-Al-Hind (Indian Philosophy and Religion written in Arabic )
2. MinhejueSiraj: Tabaqat-i-Nasiri (1260) (World Islamic History written in Arabic )

1. After defeating the Shahi king Anandapala, Mahmud went beyond Punjab, penetrating deep into the Indo-Gangetic plain.
2. Before reaching Kanauj, Mahmud raided Mathura. In later historiography, of both the British and Indian nationalists, Mahmud is notorious for his invasion of the temple city of Somnath (1025) on the seashore in Gujarat.