Conciliatory Policy towards Nobles:
Firuz Tughlaq followed a conciliatory policy towards the nobles and theologians. Firuz restored the property of the owners who had been deprived of it during the reign of Muhammad Tughlaq.
Firuz Policy of No Wars:
Firuz waged no wars of annexation, though he was not averse to putting down rebellions challenging his authority.
Religious Policy:
Firuz favoured orthodox Islam. He proclaimed his state to be an Islamic state largely to satisfy the theologians.
Public Works:
Firuz undertook many irrigation projects. A canal he dug from Sutlej river to Hansi and another canal in Jumna indicate his sound policy of public works development.

1. Ala-ud-din collected land taxes directly from the cultivators. The village headman who traditionally enjoyed the right to collect them was now deprived of it.
2. The tax pressure of Ala-ud-din was on the rich and not on the poor.
3. Ala-ud-din set up the postal system to keep in touch with all parts of his sprawling empire.

Mahmud ghasni:
1. One of the major kingdoms that emerged out of the broken Arab empire was the Samanid kingdom which also splintered, leading to several independent states.
2. In 963 Alaptigin, a Turkic slave who had served Samanids as their governor in Khurasan, seized the city of Ghazni in eastern Afghanistan and established an independent kingdom.
3. When Sabuktagin died in 997, Mahmud was in Khurasan. Ismail,the younger son of Sabuktagin had been named his successor.
Mohamed Ghori.
1. Muizzuddin Muhammad of the Ghori dynasty, known generally as Muhammad Ghori, invested in territories he seized.
2. Through the 1180s and 1190s Ghori established garrisons in the modern provinces of Punjab, Sind, and Haryana.
3. These centres of military power soon attracted the in-migration of mercenaries in search of opportunities.
4. These mercenaries were recruited to organize fiscal and military affairs of the Sultanate.
5. The Sultan's military commanders in north India were drawn from his elite military class.
6. Specially trained in warfare and governance these slaves were different from agrestic (related to land\field labour) and domestic slaves. Lahore, then Uchch and Multan were initially considered significant centres of power.

1. Prithviraj underestimated the potential danger of the enemy.
2. In the Second Battle of Tarain, one of the turning points in Indian history; Prithviraj suffered a crushing defeat and was eventually captured.
3. Ghori restored him to his throne in Ajmer.
4. But on charges of treason he was later executed, and Ghori's trusted general Qutb-ud-din Aibak was appointed as his deputy in India.

1. The geographical location of Arabia facilitated trade contact between India and Arabia. As sea-faring traders the pre-Islamic Arabs had maritime contacts with the western and eastern coasts of India.
2. While there were south Indian settlements in the Persian Gulf, Arabs too settled in Malabar and the Coromandel Coast.
3. Arabs who married Malabar women and settled down on the West Coast were called Mappillais (sons-in-law).
4. Arab military expedition in 712 and subsequent Ghaznavid and the Ghori military raids, intended to loot and use the resources seized to strengthen their power in Central Asia, created a relationship of the conqueror and the conquered .
5. Following the invasion of Afghanistan by Khurasan (Eastern Iran) Shah and later by Chengiz Khan severed the ties of North India Sultanate with Afghanistan.
6. Mongol invasions destroyed the Ghurid Sulatanate and Ghazni, and cut into the resources of Sultan Nasir-ud-din Qubacha (1206-1228), the ruler of Uchch and Multan.
7. Thus the Sultan Iltutmish had the opportunity of expanding his influence in northern India that enabled Muslim rulers to rule Indian provinces with Delhi as capital for about four centuries.
8. The Sultanate (1206-1526) itself was not homogenous. Its rulers belonged to five distinct categories: (a) Slave Dynasty (1206-1290) (b) Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320) (c) Tughlaq Dynasty (l320-1414) (d) Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451) and (e) LodiDynasty (1451-1526).