The Saraswati Mahal library, built by the Nayak rulers and enriched by Serfoji II contains a record of the day-to-day proceedings of the Maratha court - as Modi documents, French-Maratha correspondence of the 18th century.
Modi was the script used to write the Marathi language.
It is a treasure house of rare manuscripts and books in many languages.

The treaty of Purandar signed on 11 June 1665 Shivaji yielded the fortresses that he had captured and agreed to serve as a mansabdar and assist the Mughals in conquering Bijapur

1. Ramanujar expounded the philosophy known as Vishistadvaita, or qualified monism
2. His teaching qualified Adi Sankara's emphasis on absolute monism or the oneness of the 'supreme' and the 'souls'.

1. The peculiar kind of silky cotton formerly grown in Bengal, from which the fine Dacca muslins used to be made, is hardly ever seen.
2. The population of the town of Dacca has fallen from 150, 000 to 30, 000 or 40,000 and the jungle and malaria are fasten croaching upon the town Dacca, which was the Manchester of India has fallen off.

Thomas Munro: Munro arrived Madras in 1780. In the first 12 years he was engaged in Mysore War as soldier. He worked in the Baramahal (Salem district) from 1792-1799 and Kanara from 1799-1800. He was collector of Ceded Districts: Kadapa, Kurnool, Chittoor, Anantapur. It was during this period that he conceived the idea of Ryotwari Settlement.

The SNDP Yogam took up several issues such as
Right of admission to public schools
Recruitment to government services.
Access to roads and entry to temples; and
Political representation.

• Phule held radical views on social, religious, political and economic issues.
• He considered the caste system as an antithesis of the principle of human equality.
• He sought to raise the morale of the non-Brahmins and united them to revolt against the centuries old inequality and social degradation .
• Towards this end Phule founded the Satya Shodak Samaj (Society for Seeking Truth) in 1875. His most important book is Gulamgiri (Slavery).

• Three of his battles are important; the 1801 battle on Cauvery banks, the 1802 battle in Odanilai and the 1804 battle in Arachalur.
• The last and the final one was in 1805.
• During the final battle, Chinnamalai was betrayed by his cook Chinnamalai and was hanged in Sivagiri fort

1.Harihara and Bukka, the eldest sons of one Sangama, earlier serving the Hoysala rulers of Karnataka, asserted their independence and laid foundation for a new kingdom in about 1336
2. Initially their capital was in or near about Anegondi on the north bank of the Tungabhadra river.But soon it was shifted to the Hoysala town Hosapattana (near Hampi) on the south bank.
3. The capital was expanded and renamed Vijayanagara, the city of Victory.

• The victory of the British led to the signing of the Treaty of Allahabad (1765) by Robert Clive with Shah Alam II.
• By this treaty the Company got the Diwani right to collect land revenue from the princely states of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa

• Factory in the then context referred to a warehouse or a place where factors, or commercial agents, resided to transact business for their employers abroad.
• In 1510, Albuquerque captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur and made it the capital of the Portuguese Empire in the East.
• The Dutch set up factories at Masulipatam (1605), Pulicat (1610), Surat (1616), Bimilipatam (1641), Karaikal (1645), Chinsura (1653), Kasimbazar, Baranagore, Patna, Balasore, Nagapattinam (all in 1658) and Cochin (1663).
• Denmark also established trade settlements in India and their settlements were at Tranquebar in Tamilnadu (1620) and Serampore, their headquarters in Bengal.
• Surat (1668), Masulipatnarn (1669), Pondicherry, a small village then (1673), Chandernagore in Bengal (1690).
• Later they acquired Mahe in the Malabar, Yanam in Coromandal (both in 1725) and Karaikal (1739).

• The cartaz system, the Portuguese exacted money from the traders as the price for protection against what they termed as piracy.
• But much of this was caused by Portuguese freebooters themselves and so the whole system was a blatant protection racket

• Madras was ceded to East India Company in 1639 by the Raja of Chandragiri with permission to build a fortified factory which was named Fort St. George.
• This was the first landholding recorded by the Company on Indian soil.

1. Mughal miniatures are an important part of the museums of the world.
2. Ancient Indian painting traditions kept alive in provinces like Malwa and Gujarat along with the central Asian influences created a deep impact in the world of painting.
3. The masters of miniature painting ,Abdu's Samad and Mir Sayyid Ali, who had come to India from Central Asia along with Humayun inspired Indian painters.

1. The political intrigues that prevailed because of Nur-Jahan, led Prince Khurram to rebel against his father but due to the efforts ofMahabat Khan, a loyal general of Jahangir, the rebellion could not be fruitful. Prince Khurram had to retreat to the Deccan.
2. The intrigues of Nur-Jahan also made Mahabat Khan to rise in revolt which was effectively handled by Nur-Jahan. Mahabat Khan also retreated to Deccan to join Prince Khurram.

1. Akbar, enraged by his behavior issued a farman dismissing Bairam Khan.
2. This led to Bairam Khan's revolt which was ably dealt with by Akbar.
3. Bairam Khan, finally agreeing to submit himself to Akbar, proceeded to Mecca.

The titles such as Mudikonda Cholan (the crowned Chola), Gangaikondan (conqueror of the Ganges), Kadaramkondan (conqueror of Kadaram) and PanditaCholan (scholarly Cholan).

The quasi-historical literary works Kalingattupparani and Kulotungancholan Pillai Tamizh were composed during their reign.

1. Mahipala I constructed and repaired several sacred structures at Saranath, Nalanda and Bodh Gaya.
2. Gopala founded the famous monastery at Odantapura (Bihar).
3. Dharmapala established the Vikramashila and the Somapura Mahaviharas (Bangladesh).

The first regular Buddhist work on logic was written by Vasubandhu. Vasubandhu's disciple, Dignaga, was also the author of many learned works.

Barter system was much in vogue, though coins were also in use. Roman coins circulated as bullion. Long distance trade existed and the connections with the Roman Empire and southeast Asia are in evidence at many archaeological sites.

1. The play Mudrarakshasa by Visakhadatta.
2. Arthasastra was a prescriptive text, which laid down the guidelines for good administration.

The Great Bath is a tank situated within a courtyard. The corridors were present on all four sides and stairs are seen on the northern and southern sides. It was well paved with several adjacent rooms.

1. The date of the Mesolithic culture varies in different parts of the world.
2. This culture is assigned to pre-agricultural times in certain areas.

Palaeolithic period is divided into
1. Lower Palaeolithic culture
2. Middle Palaeolithic culture
3. Upper Palaeolithic culture.