The British forced the Peshwa to sign a new treaty at Poona in 1817.
Accordingly, The Peshwa resigned the headship of the Maratha confederacy.
Ceded Konkan to the British and recognised the independence of the Gaikwar

1. Dadabhai Naoroji in his Poverty and Un- British Rule in India explained how the English rulers were different from the earlier invaders.
2. He said, in the case of former foreign invaders, they plundered and went back.
3. They made, no doubt, great wounds, but India, with her industry, revived and healed the wounds.

1. The British neglected irrigation.
2. The irrigation channels and tanks built by Indian rulers fell into disuse and there was little effort on the part of the Company to undertake repairs or renovation works.
3. In Madras, as we will see in the following section, a few irrigation works were carried out because of the personal enthusiasm of Arthur Cotton, an Engineering officer.

1. The Regulating Act of 1773 imposed on the court of Directors the legal obligation of informing all revenue transactions of the Company servants to the British Treasury.
2. The Governor and Council consisting of the Commander-in-Chief and two counsellors sat as a Board of Revenue which discussed revenue matters

Dayananda's Shuddi (purification) movement i.e., conversion of non-Hindus to Hindus. was controversial and provoked controversies especially with the Ahmadiya movement

• Birsa Munda led a revolt in the Chota Nagpur region.
• The indiscriminate slaughter of Munda women at Sail Rakab did not deter the followers of Birsa .
• The British authorities issued a warrant for Mirsa's arrest and put up a reward for his capture. Birsa became a martyr in Ranchi jail (9 June 1900).
• His name continues to inspire the tribals of the region

• Raja Rammohun Roy, was a man of versatile genius. He established the Brahmo Samaj in August, 1828.
• The Brahmo Samaj was committed to "the worship and adoration of the eternal, unsearchable, immutable. Being who is the Author and Preserver of the Universe".
• His long term agenda was to purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism for which he drew authority from the Vedas.
• He emphasized human dignity, opposed idolatry and social evils such as sati

• Pagoda was the dominant currency in use at the time of arrival of European traders. It was a gold coin of Vijayanagar descent.
• It was called varagan in Tamil. During the reign of Tipu Sultan, one pagoda was the equivalent of three and half rupees in Mysore.
• "Shaking the pagoda tree" was a phrase used in England to describe the opportunities for making quick fortunes in India.

1. The fertile areas of the Krishna and the Tungabhadra
2. The coastal areas of Andhra.

• The wars fought between Britain and France in Europe also led to clashes between these two countries over their colonial possessions in North America and India.
• When the war broke out, the new Governor of Pondicherry, Dupleix appealed to Morse, the Governor of Madras, to remain neutral.
• But a British squadron under Commodore Barnett captured some of the French vessels with Indian goods and precipitated the situation

• The first Viceroy was Francisco de Almeida who followed what is known as 'Blue Water Policy,' and accordingly, he added more ships to strengthen the navy rather than adding more settlements.
• He destroyed the fleet ofZamorin and a fleet sent by the Sultan of Egypt.
• He befriended the ruler of Cochin and built fortresses at Cochin, Kannur and other places on the Malabar coast

• The Tamil region, presented a sharp contrast to the centralized stability of the Mughal empire in these decades.
• Politically the region was fragmented and unsettled. Under three Nayak kingdoms had been set up in the Tamil region: in Madurai, Thanjavur and Senji.

1. Tamil literature was dominated by Saivite and Vaishnavite literature.
2. Kumaraguruparar, a great Saiva poet, is said to have visited Varanasi in the late seventeenth century.
3. He composed important literary works such as Meenakshiammai Pillai Tamil and Neethineri Vilakkam.
4. Thayumanavar wrote highly devotional verses with compassion for all humanity and he formulated a sanmarga that tried to bridge differences between the various Saivite sects.
5.The Christian missionaries like Roberto de Nobili and Constantine Joseph Beschi contributed much to Tamil language

1. The Taj Mahal, is the epitome of Mughal architecture, a blend of Indian, Persian and Islamic styles. It was built by the Shah Jahan to immortalize his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
2. The plans for the complex have been attributed to various architects of the period, though the chief architect was Ustad Ahmad Lahawri, an Indian of Persian descent. 
3. The complex - main gateway, garden, mosque and mausoleum (including its four minarets)- were conceived and designed as a unified entity.
4. Building commenced in about 1632. More than 20,000 workers were employed from India, Persia, the Ottoman Empire and Europe to complete the mausoleum by about 1638-39; the adjunct buildings were finished by 1643, and decoration work continued until at least 1647.

The Cholas ventured overseas conquering the north-eastern parts of Sri Lanka, bringing it under their control and they called it Mummudi-Cholamandalam.

1. The Turko-Afghan political conquests were followed by large- scale Muslim social migrations from Central Asia. India was seen as a land of opportunity.
2. The society in all stages was based on privileges with the higher classes enjoying a better socio-economic life with little regard of one's religion.

Kavirajamarga, a work on poetics in Kannada, Vikramarjuna-vijayam, also called Pampa-bharata, by Pampa in Kannada

1. His army remained in effective control of Thondaimandalam, consisting of Arcot, Chengalpattu and Vellore.
2. In 949 CE, he defeated the Chola army of Rajadithya in the battle of Takkolam (in present day Vellore district).

Harsha as King of Kanauj
1. The magnates of Kanauj (the capital of Maukhari kingdom), on the advice of their minister Poni, invited Harsha to ascend the throne.
2. A reluctant Harsha accepted the throne on the advice of Avalokitesvara Bodhisatva with the title of Rajputra and Siladitya.
3. Thus the two kingdoms of Thaneswar and Kanauj became united under Harsha's rule.
4. Consequently, Harsha transferred his capital to Kanauj.

From Rome, the main imports were coin, topaz, antimony, coral, crude glass, copper, tin and lead and wine.

1. Menander successfully attacked Pataliputra, but retreated without consolidating his conquest.
2. Interestingly, in his coins, he is described as "king" and "soter" or saviour, and not as a great conqueror.

Adukotpattu Cheralathan
Father - Kudakko Cheralathan
Mother - Velaavi komaan's daughter (Paduman) Devi
Capital: Thondi
Period of Rule : 25 years - (A.D. 19-44)

Maduraikanchi refers to Mudukudumi-Peruvazhuthi and another Nedunchezhiyan, victor ofTalaiyalanganam, and a few other Pandya kings. Mudukudimi-Peruvazhuthi is referred to in the Velvikkudi copper plates of eighth century for donating land to Brahmans.

1. It is the only existing fossil find of human ancestors in India.
2. The only well-known hominin fossil of India was found at Hathnora near Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh.

The source for the study of pre-historic period include archaeological sites, geological sediments, animal bones and fossils, stone tools, bone tools, rock paintings and artefacts.