The First Anglo Maratha War (1775-1782)
Madhav Rao Narayan was an infant Peshwa under the regency of Nana Fadnavis.
The usurping of power by Ragunath Rao, uncle of the former Peshwa Madhava Rao I, provided the scope for the Company administration to fish in the troubled waters.
The Company administration in Bombay supported Ragunath Rao in return for getting Salsette and Bassein.

1. The most salient features of his teachings is denunciation of polytheism, idolatry,and caste.
2. He was equally unsparing in his condemnation of Muslim formalism.

1. The Bhakti movement, supported by the ruling kings, made a deep and lasting impact on all aspects: social, political, religious, cultural and linguistic.
2. Thus south India became the home of religious renaissance from the 7th to the 10th century

1. Dara Shukoh, the eldest, was the favourite of his father shah jahan. throne of Delhi to his brother Aurangzeb, was known as the Philosopher Prince.
2. He brought different cultures into dialogue and found a close connection between Hinduism and Islam. He translated the Upanishads from Sanskrit to Persian.

1. Akbar felt that behind the multiplicity of names there in religion was but God is one.
2. The exact word used by Akbar and Badauni to illustrate the philosophy of Akbar is Tauhid-i-Ilahi namely Din Ilahi.
3. Tauhid-i-Ilahi literally meant divine monotheism.

1. The battle was fought at Talikota or Rakshasi- Tangadi in January 1565 in which Ramaraya, in spite of his old age, personally commanded the forces along with his cousins and brothers.
2. In the final stages, the battle was lost. Ramaraya was imprisoned and executed immediately.
3. The victorious Bahmani armies entered the Vijayanagar city for the first time in their history, and ransacked it for several months laying it waste.

1. Alaudin Hasan Bahman Shah was the founder of Bahmani kingdom. unruly in his kingdom and in establishing order.
2. His attempt to exact an annual tribute from the state of Warangal, the Reddi kingdoms of Rajahmundry and Kondavidu, led to frequent wars.
3. Bahman Shah emerged victorious in all these expeditions and assumed the title Second Alexander on his coins.

1. The prominent rock-cut cave temples created by the early Pandyas are found in Pillayarpatti, Tirumeyyam, Kuntrakkudi, Tiruchendur, Kalugumalai, Kanyakumari and Sittannavasal.
2. Paintings are found in the temples in Sittannavasal, Arittaapatti, Tirumalaipuram and Tirunedunkarai.

Two guild- like groups are known: anjuvannattar and manigramattar.

Rajaraja I is the most celebrated of the Chola kings. He engaged in naval expeditions and emerged victorious in the West Coast, Sri Lanka and conquered the Maldives in the Indian Ocean.

1. Ala-ud-din sent a large army commanded by Malik Kafur in 1307 to capture Devagiri fort.
2. Following Devagiri, Prataparudradeva, the Kakatiya ruler of Warangal in the Telengana region, was defeated in 1309.
3. In 1310 the Hoysala ruler ViraBallala III surrendered all his treasures to the Delhi forces.

1. As sea-faring traders the pre-Islamic Arabs had maritime contacts with the western and eastern coasts of India.
2. While there were south Indian settlements in the Persian Gulf, Arabs too settled in Malabar and the Coromandel Coast.
3. Arabs who married Malabar women and settled down on the West Coast were called Mappillais (sons-in-law).

1. The prominent Saiva poets include Tirunavukarasar (Appar), Tirugnanasambandar and Sundarar, and Manikkavasagar. .
2. Nambi Andar Nambi compiled their hymns into an anthology of eleven books, towards the end of tenth century.
3. The first seven books, commonly known as Thevaram, contain the hymns of Sambandar (I to III), Appar (books IV to VI) and Sundarar (book VII) and Manikkavasagar (book VIII). Sekkilar's Periyapuranam is the twelfth thirumurai of the Saiva canon.
4. It is a hagiography of the sixty-three Nayanmars but contains an undercurrent of historical information as well. This collection of 12 books is named Panniru Tirumurai.
5. The Periyapuranam relates many stories about Nayanmars and the miraculous episodes in their lives.

1. Distinctions are made between amatyas and mantrins. While a mantri is generally understood to be a diplomat, amatya is a counsellor.
2. Mantri Mandala was a council of ministers. Rahasyadhikrita was a private secretary of the king.
3. Manikkappandaram-Kappan was an officer in charge of the treasury (Manikka - valuables; Pandaram - treasury; Kappan - keeper).
4. Kodukkappillai was the officer of gifts. They were central officers under the Pallava king. Kosa-adhyaksa was the supervisor of the Manikkappandaram-kappan. Judicial courts were called Adhikarna Mandapa and judges called Dharmadhikarins.
5. Fines are mentioned in the Kasakudi plates of Nandivarman Pallava as Karanadandam (fine in superior/ higher court) and Adhikaranadandam (fine in district level).

1. The rivalry between the Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas proved to be destructive to both the dynasties.
2. The Arab traveller AI- Masudi who visited Kanauj recorded the enmity between the two ruling dynasties.
3. The Rashtrakutas who were bidding their time to capture Kanauj from Pratiharas succeeded in their motive and continued to rule until 10th century CE.
4. They claimed descent from the Rastikas or Rathikas, an important clan domiciled in the Kannada-speaking region and mentioned in the edicts of Ashoka.

1. Criminal law was more severe than that of the Gupta age.
2. Mimamsakas were appointed to dispense justice.
3. Banishment and the cutting of limbs of the body were the usual punishments.
4. Trial by ordeal was in practice .
5. Life imprisonment was the punishment for the violations of the laws and for plotting against the king.

1. The Jaina canonical literature at first took shape in Prakrit dialects. Sanskrit came to be the medium later.
2. Within a short time, Jainism produced many great scholars and by their efforts the Hindu itihasa and puranas were recast in Jaina versions to popularise their doctrines.
3. Vimala produced a Jaina version of Ramayana. Siddasena Divakara laid the foundation oflogic among the Jainas.

1. The Gupta Empire was divided into provinces known as deshas or bhuktis.
2. They were administered by governors who were usually designated as uparikas.
3. The provinces of the Gupta Empire were divided into districts known as visayas, which were controlled by officers known as vishyapatis.

1. Tamil region is more than probable that they exchanged their salt for other goods and necessities, rather than selling the salt for money.
2. However, the extent of the overland and overseas trade, as well as the descriptions of the city markets in the literature would imply that money was the main medium of exchange.

1. Archaeology and epigraphy are the tools that provide rich information periods of history.
2. The Brahmi script of the inscriptions at Sanchi was deciphered by James Prinsep in 1837.
3. Excavations reveal the nature of urban morphology, that is, layout of the city and construction of buildings.
4. Epigraphical evidence is scanty for the period.
5. The most widely known are the edicts of Ashoka.

Gosala, Gautama Buddha, Mahavira, Ajita Kesakambalin.

1. The Rig Veda refers to Arya varna and Dasa varna. The Dasas and Dasyus were conquered and treated as slaves
2. Social classes were classified as warriors, priests and common people. Sudras as a category of people appeared at the end of the Rig Vedic period.

Craft production was an important part of the Harappan economy.
1. Bead and ornament making, shell bangle making and metal working were the major crafts.
2. They made beads and ornaments out of carnelian, jasper, crystal, and steatite, metals like copper, bronze and gold and shell, faience and terracotta or burnt clay.
3. The beads were made in innumerable designs and decorations.

The Mesolithic people lived in semi permanent and temporary settlements.
1. They occupied caves and open grounds.
2. They buried the dead.
3. They had artistic skill.
4. They were spread over wider geographical regions.

The Middle Palaeolithic culture in India is dated between 3,85,000 and 40,000 BCE.
1. The Middle Palaeolithic sites are found in Narmada, Godavari, Krishna, Yamuna and other river valleys.
2. The main features of the Indian Middle Palaeolithic period include the following:
3. The tools became smaller.
4. The decrease in the use of hand axes in relation to other tools.
5. Use of core preparation techniques in stone tool production.
6. Use of chert, jasper, chalcedony and quartz as raw materials.