Tirunelveli region, which was part of the Pandyan kingdom, exported grain, cotton, cotton cloth and bullocks to the Malabar coast and had trade contacts with West and Southeast Asia

Inscriptions issued by Chalukyas in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit languages, and Pallavas in Tamil and Sanskrit, recording land grants to Brahmins, as well as the royal and the non-royal gifts made to religious establishment are equally important sources.

Buddhist sources such as Deepavamsa and Mahavamsa, written in Pali, the accounts of Chinese travellers Hiuen Tsang and Itsing give us details about the socio-religious and cultural conditions of the Pallava times.

Bughra Khan, a son of Balban, was there upon appointed the Governor of Bengal, who carved out an independent kingdom after the death of Balban.

The slide of the Pala dynasty was accelerated during the rule of his three successors- Rajyapala, Gopala III and Vigramapala II.

The prominent Buddhist scholars of Vikramashila and Nalanda universities were Atisha, Saraha, Tilopa, Dansheel, Dansree, Jinamitra, Muktimitra, Padmanava, Virachan and Silabhadra.

Bhaga, Hiranya and Bali were the three kinds of tax collected during Harsha's reign. Bhaga was the land tax paid in kind.

The list of metals used apart from iron were gold, copper, tin, lead, brass, bronze, bell-metal, mica, manganese, antimony, red chalk (sanssilajata) and red arsenic.

Gupta inscriptions mention the terms klipta, bali, udranga, uparikara, and iranyavesti meant forced labour.

Epigraphical Sources:
1. Mehrauli Iron Pillar inscription - achievements of Chandragupta I
2. Allahabad Pillar inscription - describing Samudragupta's personality and achievements in 33 lines composed by Harisena and engraved in Sanskrit in Nagari script.

1. The Indian interactions with the Greeks was not limited to the Indo-Greek kings.
2. Greeks were becoming known and their presence recorded throughout the subcontinent.
3. Merchants, sailors and many others of Greek origin were travelling to India, so there was a continued interaction with the Greeks.

A variety of luxury goods, including ivory, tortoise shell, pearls, indigo and other dyes, aromatic substances like spikenard or nard (a fragrant oil from the Gangetic region) and malabathrum (leaf of cinnamon, used as an aromatic) and rare woods were exported from India.

1. Natrinai;
2. Kurunthogai;
3. Aingurunuru;
4. Patitruppathu;
5. Paripadal;
6. Kalithogai;
7. Akananuru;
8. Purananuru

Three levels of rulers are found:
1) Kizhar,
2) Velir,
3) Vendar

The second inscription mentions lands beyond his borders: "the Chodas (Cholas), the Pandyas, the Satiyaputa, the Keralaputa (Chera), even Tamraparni, the Yonaking Antiyoka (Antiochus), and the kings who are the neighbours of this Antioka".

A new social category that emerged during this period was placed below the shudras in the social hierarchy and considered untouchables.

A spirit of scepticism began to pervade questioning every custom and orthodoxy in the belief system in the society leading to rise of new ideas and faiths.

Vedic culture was characterized by pastoral as well as agricultural practices. People worshiped nature in, the form of deities such as Agni, Varuna and Surya  .

They flourished in different parts of India. People belonging to these cultures began to engage in pastoral as well as agricultural activities.

Quarrying was immediately banned and archaeological excavation commenced under the supervision of Alexander Rea.

A costal landscape caused by sand dunes. These soils may have originated in the Pleistocene epoch of the Quaternary period.

The industries of Palaeolithic cultures are divided into the Early, Middle and Late Acheulian Industries.

Neolithic age is the age in which animal and plant domestication developed, leading to food production.

Slave labour was used for this purpose. But after the Company government abolished slavery in India (1843), the system of indentured was used.

This battle was won by Sher Khan and Humayun's army was completely routed, and he became a prince without a kingdom.