The central figure is Buddha found in three sagacious postures: meditating (dhyana mudra), preaching (vyakhyana mudra) and touching the earth by index finger of right hand (bhumi-sparsha mudra).

The sculptures in the temples in Aihole, Badami, Pattadakal reflect the culture of the times.

The frontier regions were strengthened with garrisoning of forts at Bhatinda, Sunam and Samana.

The world famous Khajuraho temple complex consisting of many temples including the Lakshmana temple, Vishwanatha temple and Kandariya Mahadeva temple was built by the Chandelas of Bundelkhand who ruled from Khajuraho.

The Palas were great patrons of Mahayana Buddhism. The Buddhist philosopher Haribhadra was the spiritual preceptor of Dharmapala, the founder of the Pala kingdom.

The notable Pala texts on philosophy include Agama Shastra by Gaudapada, and Nyaya Kundali by Sridhar Bhatta. Many texts on medicine were compiled by Chakrapani Datta, Sureshwar Gadadhara Vaidya and Jimutavahana.

Harsha Charita refers to a number of officials who took care of the local administration. Only their titles are known. Bhogapathi, ayuktha, pratpalaka-purusha and the like looked after the local administration.

Sresti was usually settled at a particular place and enjoyed an eminent position by virtue of his wealth and influence in the commercial life and administration of the place.

Stupas were also built in large numbers but the best are found at Samat (Uttar Pradesh), Ratnagiri (Orissa) and MirpurKhas (Sind).

1. The Sakas were pushed back from eastern Iran by the Parthian ruler Mithradates (188-123 BCE) 
2. They then turned to north-western India and finally settled in the region between the Indus valley and Saurashtra.

1. Antiacidas who was sent to the court of King Bhagabhadra erected a pillar or garudadhvaja with its capital adorned by a figure of Garuda, in honour of God Krishna(Vasudeva).
2. Heliodorus had evidently become a follower of Vishnu. (The pillar stands in isolation in the middle of a open ground in Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh.)

Silappathikaram and Manimekalai are the two important epics useful for insights into cultural and religious history.

Ettuthogai and Pathupattu collections have about 2400 poems. These poems, varying in length from 3 to 800 lines, were composed by panar, the wandering bards and pulavar, the poets .

The major areas of concern for the Mauryan state were the collection of taxes as revenue to the state and the administration of justice, in addition to the maintenance of internal security and defence against external aggression

The Aryans migrated to India around 1500 BCE. The Vedic texts form an important source of this period. Horses and iron are associated with the Aryans.

After the decline of the Indus Civilization numerous cultures developed across north India. Copper, followed by iron, came to be widely used. Iron helped to expand areas of cultivation leading to agrarian surplus. As this facilitated feeding of more number of people there were greater instances of in-migration and population growth. The Late Harappan cultures suggest that some of the groups moved into eastern direction, after the decline of the Indus Civilization.

Kalibangan, Lothal, Rakhi Garhi and Dholavira are the Indian sites.

Narmada, Godavari, Krishna, Yamuna and other river valleys.

• In 1580 Philip II, King of Spain, defeated Portugal and annexed it.
• In India the Dutch defeated the Portuguese in Ceylon and later seized the Portuguese fort on Malabar Coast.
• Thereafter rather than protecting their settlements in India, Portuguese began to evince greater interest in Brazil.

Three of his battles are important: the 1801 battle on Cauvery banks, the 1802 battle in Odanilai and the 1804 battle in Arachalur. The last and the final one was in 1805. During the final battle, Chinnamalai was betrayed by his cook Chinnamalai and was hanged in Sivagiri fort

The introduction of plantation crops and slope cultivation in Ceylon, Mauritius, Fiji, Malaya, the Caribbean islands, Natal and South Africa required enormous labour.

Delhi, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Lahore, Ahmadabad, Dacca and Multan were important cities of the empire which could be ranked along with contemporary European cities like London and Paris.

1. Hurnayun was deeply engrossed in the affairs of Bahadur Shah.
2. the rebellions of the Gujarati people, Askari decided to proceed to Agra.
3. Sher Khan had strengthened himself by defeating the ruler of Bengal.
4. Sher Khan captured the fort of Rohtas and Bengal.

The rise of syncretic sects and major poets and Saints such as Kabir, Guru Nanak, and Ravidas.

The prime Vedic gods were Indra, Varuna, Agni, etc.