1. The colours were extracted out of natural objects and minerals.
2. The prominent colours used are black, red, white, yellow, blue and green.

On the basis of style these temples are classified into two groups: Indo-Aryan and Dravidian.

1. The governors called themselves raja, marakka-rajan and rajaditya-rajaparameswaran.
2. Some governors held the title maha-samanta and maintained troops. The chief of vishaya was vishayapati.
3. In turn, vishaya was divided into pukti. Its head was pogapati.

i) Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq followed a policy of reconciliation with the nobles.
ii) But in the fifth year of his reign (1325) Ghiyas-ud- din died.
iii) Three days later Jauna ascended the throne and took the title Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

i) Raziya Sultana (1236-1240). Raziya was daughter of Iltutmish, who ascended the throne after a lot of hurdles put up by the Turkish nobles.
ii) According to Ibn Battuta, the Moroccan traveller, Raziya rode on horseback as men ride, armed with a bow and quiver, and surrounded by courtiers. She did not veil her face. Yet Raziya ruled for only three and half years.
iii) The elevation of an Abyssinian slave, Jalal-ud-din Yaqut, to the post of Amir-i-Akhur, Master of the Stables, a very high office, angered the Turkish nobles.

i) When all Rajput chiefs had stood by Prithviraja in his battles against Muhammad Ghori,
ii) Jaya Chandra stood apart, as there was enmity between Prithviraj and Jai Chandra, on account of Prithviraj's abduction of Jaya Chandra's daughter Samyukta.
iii) So Ghori easily defeated Jaya Chandra and returned to Ghazni with an enormous booty.

The Huns, Maithrakas of Valabhi, Maukharis of Kanauj, Yasodharman of Mandasor, Pushyabhutis of Thaneswar and Later Guptas of Magadha were subregional kingdoms.

1. Hiranyagarbha literally means golden womb.
2. A person coming out of this golden womb, after elaborate rituals performed by priests, is declared as reborn possessing a celestial body.
3. The Satavahana king Gautamiputra Sathakarni performed this ritual to claim kshatriya status.

1. The Jaina canonical literature at first took shape in Prakrit dialects. Sanskrit came to be the medium later.
2. Within a short time, Jainism produced many great scholars and by their efforts the Hindu itihasa and puranas were recast in Jaina versions to popularise their doctrines.
3. Vimala produced a Jaina version of Ramayana. Siddasena Divakara laid the foundation of logic among the Jainas.

1. The Gupta period also saw the development of Sanskrit grammar based on Panini who wrote Ashtadhyayi and Patanjali who wrote Mahabhashya on the topic.
2. This period is particularly memorable for the compilation of the Amarakosa, a the saurus in Sanskrit, by Amarasimha.
3. A Buddhist scholar from Bengal, Chandrogomia, composed a book on grammar named Chandravyakaranam.

Literary sources:
1. Narada, Vishnu, Brihaspati and Katyayanasmritis.
2. Kamandaka's Nitisara, a work on polity addressed to the king (400 CE).
3. Devichandraguptam and Mudrarakshasamby Vishakadutta provide details about the rise of the Guptas.
4. Buddhist and Jaina texts
5. Works of Kalidasa

The Indo-Greek kingdoms in north-western India were ousted by various nomadic tribes from Central Asia, known as
1. The Sakas (Scythians),
2. Parthians (Pahlavis and
3. Kushanas (yueh-chi or yuezhi tribes in Chinese).

Trade was carried on by the overland route via north-west Afghanistan (Bactria) and also partly by the coastal route along the Persian Gulf and Red Sea.

A group of inscriptions found at Pulangurichi in Sivagangai district datable to about the middle of the fifth century, name two kings. They are Chendan and Kurran. Though there is no mention about their family or dynasty name, some scholars identify them as Kalabhra rulers. The Kalabhra kingdom seems to have been uprooted by Pandyas around the third quarters of sixth century CE.

1. Coins of pre-Satavahana chieftains and of the Satavahanas from Andhra- Karnataka region. The coins issued by the Cheras, Cholas, Pandyas, and the chieftains of the Sangam Age.
2. Roman copper, silver and gold coins.

Perhaps the most detailed account of the administration is to be found in the Arthasastra (though the work itself is now dated to a few centuries later). However, it must be remembered that the Arthasastra was a prescriptive text, which laid down the guidelines for good administration. If we add to this the information from Ashoka's edicts and the work of Megasthenes, we get a more comprehensive picture of the Mauryan state as it was.

Archaeology is particularly important because excavations reveal the nature of urban morphology, that is, layout of the city and construction of buildings

The mahajanapadas represented the emergence of territorial kingdoms that ruled over people (jana).

They used copper objects such as flat axes, bangles, rings, antimony rods, knives, blades, socket-less axes, barbed and tanged arrow heads, choppers and chisels.

Agro-pastoral communities of the Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Iron Ages and Vedic Cultures.

Evidence of ostrich has been found in some pre-historic sites of India. The egg shell of this bird had been used as beads and those from Patne have been dated to 25,000 BP. They are found in Bhirnbetka and Patne.

The early Acheulian tools include polyhedrons, spheroids, hand axes, cleavers and flake tools.

1. Artisans like weavers, smiths, and masons became more prominent in the society.
2. These non-agrarian groups were generally called the pattadaior (workshop people) and kasaya-vargam -that is- the group that pays taxes in cash.

The Kannada and Telugu literature, like Manucharitram, Saluvabhyudayam, etc.,
patronized in the Vijayanagar court, give genealogical,political and social information.

1. Turquoise is a semi-precious stone sky blue in colour.
2.Turquoise throne is one of the bejewelled royal seats of Persian kings described in Firdausi's Shah Nama.