i) Paddy as tax was collected by a unit called kalam (28 kg).
ii) Rajaraja I standardised the collection of tax.
iii) He collected 100 kalam from the land of one veli (about 6.5 acres); the standard veli being variable according to fertility of the soil and the number of crops raised.

The Various locality groups functioned actively in the Chola period bodies such as Urar, Sabhaiyar, Nagarattar and Nattar.

i) When Rajaraja I attacked Madurai, the Pandyas escaped with their crown and royal jewels and took shelter in Sri Lanka.
ii) There upon, Rajendra I conquered Sri Lanka and confiscated the Pandya crown and other royal belongings.

The revenue was supplemented by additional taxes on draught cattle, toddy-drawers, marriage-parties, potters, goldsmiths, washer men, textile-manufacturers, weavers, brokers, letter-carriers, and the makers of ghee.

Chalukyas used Sanskrit in pillar inscriptions such as in Aihole and Maha- kudam. A seventh-century inscription of a Chalukya king at Badami mentions Kannada as the local prakrit, meaning the people's language, and Sanskrit as the language of culture. A chieftain of Pulikesin II authored a grammar work Saptavataram in Sanskrit.

Notable Chalukya rulers like Kirtivarman (566-597), Mangalesa (597-609), and Pulikesin II (609-642) performed yagnas. They bore titles such as parama-vaishana and parama-maheswara.

Harsha subdued the minor powers and became the king of Thanesar and Kanauj. His authority and control prevailed over Bengal, Kamarupa, Valabhi, Sind, Nepal and Kashmir.

Bhirava, Ravana shaking the Mount Kailasa, dancing Shiva and Vishnu, and Lakshmi listening to music are the best specimens of sculpture inside the temple.

1. They celebrated navaratnas like Kalidasa, Amarasimha, Visakadatta and Dhanvantri.
2. Kalidasa's famous dramas are Sakunthalam, Malavikagnimitram and Vikramaurvashiyam.
3. The works of Sudraka (Mrichchhakatika), Visakhadatta (Mudraraksasa and Devichandraguptam).

Eighteen major puranas are listed. Of them the well known are: Brahma Purana, Padma Purana, Vishnu Purana, Skanda Purana, Shiva Maha Purana, Markendeya Purana, Agni Purana, Bhavishya Purana, Matsya Purana and Shrimad Bhagavat Purana.

During the Gupta period, the land was classified as detailed below:

The advent of these tribes in India arose as a result of a complex sequence of migrations and political developments in Central Asia.

1. Menander is mainly remembered as the eponymous hero of the Buddhist text.
2. Milinda-pinha (questions of Milinda), in which he is engaged in a question-and-answer discussion on Buddhism with the teacher Nagasena.
3. He is believed to have become a Buddhist and promoted Buddhism.

Rock Edict (13) mentions five yona kings, identified as
1. Antiochus II Theos of Syria,
2. Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt,
3. Antigonus Gonatas of Macedonia,
4. Magas of Cyrene and
5. Alexander of Corinth.

1. The Asokan inscriptions, written in Prakrit,found in Andhra-Karnataka regions.
2. The Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions found in the caves of TamilNadu and Kerala such as in Mangulam, Jambai, and Pugalur.
3. The Satavahana inscriptions and other Buddhist inscriptions of the Andhra region

1. The megalithic burials sites of the early historic period.
2. Excavated material from ancient sites, including ports, capital towns, with architectural remains, such as in Arikamedu, Kodumanal, Alagankulam, and Uraiyur.
3. Buddhist sites with stupas and chaityas located in Andhra and Kamataka regions (Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda, etc.)

The word "Hindu" appears for the first time in an inscription of Darius I at Persepolis, Iran. Darius lists "Hindu" as part of his empire. The word "Sindhu", denoting a river in general and Indus in particular, became "Hindu" in Persian. The Greeks dropped the S and called it Indu, which eventually came to be called Hindu and later India.

Gana- sanghas or oligarchies, which were centred on clans. The richer landowners were called grihapatis. These landowners employed labourers called dasas or karmakaras. The smaller landowners were known as kassakas or krishakas. The society was stratified on the basis of varna. It emerged as a marker of status. Cultivators and artisans were identified as the shudras.

According to the Purusha Sukta of the Rig Veda the various varnas emerged thus: Brahmanas from the mouth, the kshatriya from the arms, the vaisya from the thighs and the sudra from the feet of Purusha, when he was sacrificed. Various professional groups such as warriors, priests, cattle-keepers, farmers, barbers are also mentioned. Panis were itinerary traders or perhaps caravan traders. Panis are also seen as enemies in some verses.

The Chalcolithic people also began to domesticate animals in addition to agriculture. They had cattle, sheep, pigs and goats and buffaloes.

Flake industry was predominant in the Middle Palaeolithic period and tools such as scrapers, points and borers were made. Scrapers were used for wood and skin working.

1. Wild plants and animals grow naturally and independently.
2. When they are domesticated, their lifestyle and physical characteristics (such as self-propagation) change.
3. The seeds of domestic plants become smaller in size. In the case of domesticated animals, they lose their ferociousness.

The terms Sufi, Wali, Darvesh and Fakir are used for Muslim saints who attempted to develop their intuitive faculties through ascetic exercises, contemplation, renunciation and self-denial.

The Vijayanagar kingdom was successively ruled by four dynasties over a period of more than three hundred years:
1. The Sangama dynasty (1336-1485),
2. The Saluva dynasty (1485-1505),
3. The Tuluva dynasty (1505-1570) and
4. The Aravidu dynasty (1570-1650).