Portuguese
1. In 1510, Albuquerque captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur and made it the capital of the Portuguese Empire in the East.
2. Subsequently Daman, Salsette and Bombay on the west coast and at Santhome near Madras and Hugli in Bengal on the east coast had become Portuguese settlements.
Dutch
1.The Dutch set up factories at Masulipatam (1605), Pulicat (1610), Surat (1616), Bimilipatam (1641), Karaikal (1645), Chinsura (1653), Kasimbazar, Baranagore, Patna, Balasore, Nagapattinam (all in 1658) and Cochin (1663).
Danes
1. Denmark also established trade settlements in India and their settlements were at Tranquebar in Tamilnadu (1620) and Serampore, their headquarters in Bengal.
French
1. Surat (1668); Masulipatnam (1669), Pondicherry, a small village then (1673), Chandernagore in Bengal (1690). Later they acquired Mahe in the Malabar, Yanam in Coromandal (both in 1725) and Karaikal (1739).
English
1. The Company first created a trading post in Surat (where a factory was built in 1612), and then secured Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690).
2. Though the Company had many factories, Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and the Bombay Castle were the three major trade settlements of the English.

1. Akbar provided a systematic and centralised system of administration which contributed to the success of the empire.
2. He introduced the Mansabdari system.
3. The nobles, civil and military officials combined into one single service with each officer receiving the title of Mansabdar.
4. Mansabdar rank was divided into Zat and Sawar.
5. The former determined the number of soldiers each Mansabdar received ranging from 10 to 10,000. The latter determined the number of horses under a Mansabdar.
6. Each officer could rise from the lowest to the highest ranks. Promotions and demotions were made through additions or reductions of Mansabs.
7. The Mansabdari system diversified the ethnic base of his nobility.

1. The ruler of Mewar, Rana Udai Singh, put up a great fight before losing Chittor, which was conquered by Akbar after a siege of six months.
2. The capture of Chittor was followed by the surrender of Rajput states like Ranthambhor, Kalinjar, Bikaner, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer.

1. Akbar felt that behind the multiplicity of names there in religion was but God is one.
2. The exact word used by Akbar and Badauni to illustrate the philosophy of Akbar is Tauhid-i-Ilahi namely Din Ilahi.
3. Tauhid-i-Ilahi literally meant divine monotheism.

1. Humayun became the Emperor once again.
2. He died very soon after regaining Delhi when he slipped down the stairs of the library in the fort at Delhi.
3. In the colorful words of Lane Poole, "Humayun stumbled out of his life, as he has stumbled through it."