The main objective of EXIM bank is to co-ordinate the various activities of institutions and bank engaged in financing foreign trade.

According to S.S.Kher, State Enterprises are "The industrial, commercial and economic activities carried on by the central or by a state government and in each case either solely or in association with private enterprise, so long it is managed by self-contained management."

The goal of the country may be to provide employment opportunity to its citizen, earn revenue for its exchequer, become selfsufficient in production of goods and services, promote social justice, etc.Business activities should be conducted keeping these goals of country in mind, is known as national objective of business.

When the firm of a country imports goods for the purpose of exporting the same goods to the firms of some other country with or without making any change in the goods meant for export it is known as entrepot trade.

Speciality Stores:
Speciality stores deal in a particular type of product under one product line only. For example, Sweet shops specialize in Tirunelveli Halwa.

South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geo-political union of nations in South Asia.

1. Usage of Best skills.
2. Ultimate use of knowledge.
3. Finding solution to complex problems.
4. Reduction of Expenditure
5. Special focus on principal functions.
6. Outsources reduces the risk.

The sources of funds can be grouped into two categories based on generation:
1. Internal sources
2. External sources

The cooperative movement was started by Robert Owen, in the year 1844. He formed a consumer's cooperative society in England with 28 workers as members, called " Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers".

In backward areas, hilly tracts, forest regions in desert lands, animals like horse, mule, donkey, elephant, camel, etc., are used for carrying loads. These animals are called pack animals.
These animals are used in areas which are inaccessible to modem means of transport. They are also useful for carrying small load economically.

Bharat Interface for Money is an app that lets a bank customer make simple,easy and quick payment transactions using Unified Payments Interface (UPI).A bank customer can make instant bank to bank payments and pay and collect money using just mobile number or virtual payment address (VPA).It was launched in December 2016.

1. FCCB is issued by an Indian company in foreign currency.
2. It is a convertible debt instrument.
3. It carries interest coupon.
4. It is unsecured.
5. It can be converted into equity or depository receipt after a certain period.

1. The objective of RRB is to develop rural economy and play supplementary role to cooperative societies.
2. They mobilise deposits from the rural public and provide finance to rural artisans, small entrepreneurs and farmers and try to avoid their dependency on money lenders.
3. As on 31.3.2016, there were 56 RRBs in India with 14,494 branches.
4. They are regulated and supervised by NABARD.

(i) Mitakshara Law:
(1) According to 'Mitakshara Law' only the male members in the family get the right of inheritance by birth.
(2) It is applied throughout India except Assam and West Bengal.
(ii) Dayabhaga:
(1) According to Dayabhaga Law, the right of property devolves on the coparceners by succession and not by birth.
(2) The Share in the property is not fluctuating on the basis of births and deaths.
(3) The Shares are specified prior to partition.

Human objectives refer to the objectives aimed at the well-being as well as fulfillment of expectations of employees as also of people who are disabled, handicapped and deprived of proper education and training. The human objectives of business may thus include economic well-being of the employees, social and psychological satisfaction of employees and development of human resources.

When goods are to be consigned in large quantity, it is advantageous to hire the whole or substantial part of the ship. The document through which this contract is made in known as 'Charter Party'. This may be known as 'Voyage Charter' or 'Time Charter',

Logistics Management to Supply Chain Management:
1. Logistics Management deals with the efficient management of a static gap between demand and supply whereas Supply Chain Management tries to identify the dynamic nature of the value creation itself such as responsiveness, quality and design.
2. Hence, it aims for an effective management response over the longer run.
3. SCM focuses on profit maximization rather than cost minimization.
4. LM activity is supply driven and SCM is more demand driven.

Liability:
Except the Karta, the liability of all other members is limited to their shares in the business. The Karta is not only liable to the extent of his share in the business but his separate property is equally attachable and amount of debt can be recovered from his personal property.

Benefit to rural rich:
Co-operatives, have benefited the rural rich and not the rural poor.
Inadequate rural credit:
Co-operative societies give loans only for productive purposes and not for personal or family expenses.
Lack of managerial skills:
Co-operative societies are managed by the managing committee elected by its members. The members of the managing committee may not have the required qualification, skill or experience.

In my opinion; if he purchases from foreign countries, it will be a quality one. It will work a long time. First of all he should get the quotation from all countries. He can choose which is the low cost and high quality machines. A very good brand also can be chosen.

Yes. The money invested in various attributes helps in the economic development of a country.
The following are the reasons:
1. Money invested in bank deposits facilitates employment generation in various sectors of economy and poverty alleviation.
2. The savings invested in bank deposits lead to credit creation in the country which in turn promotes industrial and agricultural development in a country.
3. Savings invested in government bonds and various institutions helps in great measure in building in strengthening the infrastructure facilities in a country.
4. The country with higher savings can easily face the consequences of economic recession.
5. The bad consequences of inflation can be met easily with strong savings. As a result the evil effect of soaring prices can be controlled.

In Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu Corporation for Development of Women Limited (TNCDW) was established in the year 1983 with the prime objective of socio-economic development and empowerment of rural women. The Government of TamilNadu spearheaded the Self Help Group concept in the country by forming SHGs in Dharmapuri district with the assistance of International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) in September 1989. The success of the IFAD project paved way for the now popularly called "Mahalir Thittam" project, which was launched during 1997-98 with the State Government funding and was progressively extended to all the 30 districts. The SHG movement has now emerged as a powerful and vibrant movement illuminating the lives of many poor women in the state.

International Benchmarks:
Benchmarking is comparing one's business processes and performance metrics to industry bests and best practices from other companies. There are four primary types of benchmarking: internal, competitive, functional, and generic. Internal benchmarking is a comparison of a business process to a similar process inside the organization 1. Select a product, service or process to benchmark.
2. Identify the key performance metrics.
3. Choose companies or internal areas to benchmark.
4. Collect data on performance and practices.
5. Analyze the data and identify opportunities for improvement

Secondary functions :
Apart from the basic or Primary functions commercial Banks render various other services which are known as Secondary functions. These services can be broadly classified into agency services and general utility services.
(1) Agency Functions:
Banks Act as agents of Customers and provide certain services. They are called Agency functions, which are as follows:
(a) Transfer of Funds:
Banks issue demand drafts, bankers' cheques, travelers' cheques, etc. and help in transfer of funds from one place to another. Customers need not carry cash. They can just forward the draft issued by the bank to the receiving institution. A small commission is collected by banks for this service.
(b) Periodic Payment of Premiums, Rent, etc.
After instruction from the customers, banks undertake the monthly payment of insurance premium, rent, telephone bill, etc. from the accounts of customers. Nowadays these payments are made through electronic clearing system facility offered by the banks.
(c) Collection and payment of cheques:
On behalf of customers bank collect the cheques deposited into the accounts of customers from other banks and deposit cash in the customers' accounts. Similarly cheques issued by a customer is honoured and the amount paid as directed by the customer.
(d) Acting as Executors, Trustees and Attorneys:
Banks act as executors of will of the customers and implement their will after their death. As a trustee a bank takes care of the funds of the customers Banker signs transfer deed of the properties of the customers in the capacity of attorney to customers.
(e) Conduct share market transactions:
A Demat account should be opened with Depository Participant and that demat account should be linked with savings bank account by the customer. Then the customer can ask the bank to conduct online purchase or sale of securities, on behalf him.
(f) Preparation of Income tax return :
Banks prepare the Annual Income Tax return on behalf of the customers and provide Income tax related advices to them.
(g) Dealing in Foreign Exchange :
Banks buy and sell Foreign currencies on behalf of customers.
(h) Acting as Correspondent· :
Banks Act as Correspondent of customers and receive Travel Ticket, Passport, etc
(2) General Utility Functions :
In addition to primary, secondary and agency functions, commercial Banks offer some services for the general welfare of the customers. They are called general utility services. They are as follows.
(a) Issue of demand drafts and Banker's cheques:
Demand drafts and banker's cheques are issued to public and customers as well. Instead of sending money they can attach these instruments for payment of educational fees, etc.
(b) Accepting Bill of exchange on behalf of Customers:
Banks accept Bills on behalf of customers and make payments to the foreign exporter. Afterwards, the bank collect from the customers
(c) Safety Lockers :
Valuable documents, jewels etc. can be kept safely in a vault provided by Bank for a Rent. These vaults room is called "Strong Room".
(d) Letters of Credit:
This Document is given by bank on behalf of importing customer to the Exporter guaranteeing payment for the Imported goods. It is a very important document in International trade.
(e) Travellers Cheques:
Customers need not carry cash during travel in India or abroad. The denomination and words are printed in the cheque. It is accepted as money in shops, hotels, travel agencies, etc.
(f) Gift Cheques:
These denomination printed cheques are available in attractive design so that it can be presented during Wedding, Birthday Functions, etc.
(g) Reference Service:
Business firms can give their Bank's name as reference to the new Business Institution with which they want to establish commercial relationship. Banks willingly act as referees and provide information about the financial standing of their customers.

(a) Analytical Industry :
Analytical Industries analyses and separates different elements from the same materials, as in the case of oil refinery.
(b) Genetic Industry: 
(1) These Industries remain engaged in breeding plants and animals for their use in further production.
(2) The seeds nursery companies, poultry, dairy, piggery, hatcheries, nursery, fisheries, apiary, etc. are classic examples of genetic industries.
(c) Construction Industry:
These Industries are involved in the construction of Buildings, Dams, Bridges, Roads, as well as tunnels and Canals.
d) Extractive Industries:
These industries extract or draw out products from natural sources. Extractive industries supply some raw materials that are mostly products of geographical and natural environment.

Capital Account:
The Capital Account consists of three Components.
(i) Private Capital
(ii) Banking Capital
(iii) Official Capital
(i) Private Capital:
Private Capital consists of Foreign Investments, long-term loans and Foreign Currency deposits.
(ii) Banking Capital:
It includes movement into external financial Asset and Liabilities, commercial and Co-operative banks authorised to deal in Foreign Exchange.
(iii) Official Capital:
It includes RBI's holdings of Foreign Currencies and Special Drawing Right (SDR) held by the Government.

Foreign currency convertible Bond (FCCB) is a special type of bond issued in the currency other than home currency. In other words, companies issue Foreign Currency convertible bonds to raise money in Foreign Currency.
Features of FCCBs are given below:
1. FCCB is issued by an Indian company in foreign currency.
2. These are listed and traded in foreign stock exchange and similar to the debenture.
3. It is a convertible debt instrument.
4. It carries interest coupon.
5. It is unsecured.
6. It gives its holders the right to convert for a fixed numbers of shares at a predetermined price.
7. It can be converted into equity or depository receipt after a certain period.

Benefits:
a) Focusing on Core Activities:
Companies can focus on their core competence, a few areas where the company has distinct capability. The rest of the activities (non core) can be outsource to outside agencies.
b) To Fillip Economic Development:
Outsourcing stimulates entrepreneurship, encourages employment opportunities, expands exports, enables tremendous growth of the economy.
c) Encourages Employment Opportunities:
Companies that are outsourcing their non core activities provide chances for other small business units to take up the activities. This paves way for more job opportunities and new employment avenues.
d) Reduction in Investment:
Companies through outsourcing avails the services of outsiders which in turn reduces the investment requirements. The amount so available can be utilized productively and this increases the profits.
e) Quest for Excellence:
Outsourcing enables the firms to pursue excellence in two ways namely excelling themselves in the activities they do and excel outsiders by extending their capabilities through contracting out.

Dissolution of a partnership firm is taken place in two ways.
(a) without the order of the court and
(b) By order of the court.
Without the order of the court
a) By agreement or mutual consent:
A firm may be dissolved when all the partners agree to close the affairs of the firm. Just as a partnership is created by contract, it can also be terminated by contract.
b) By insolvency of all the partners but one:
If any of the partners adjudged an insolvent (or if all the partners become insolvent) it is necessary to dissolve the firm.
c) When the objective becomes illegal:
When the business carried on by the partnership becomes illegal, the partnership firm is automatically dissolved.
d) By notice of dissolution :
In the case of partnership at will when any partner gives in writing to all the other partners indicating his intention to dissolve the firm, the firm will be dissolved.
e) On certain contingencies:
Dissolution of the partnership itself may involve the dissolution of the firm unless parties agree to continue it otherwise, it will take place.
i. On the expiry of a specified period in case of partnership for a fixed term.
ii. On the completion of a particular adventure for which it has been formed in case of particular partnership.
iii. On the death of a partner.
iv. On the retirement of a partner.
v. On the insolvency of a partner.
In all the above cases if the business is not continued by the remaining partners, dissolution of the firm takes place automatically.
Dissolution through court:
(a) When a partner becomes insane
(b) Permanent incapacity of any partner
(c) Misconduct of any partner
(d) Breach of the agreement which makes the business impracticable
(e) Transfer of interest to third person
(f) Continued loss
(g) When the court finds that it is just and equitable to dissolve the firm

Consumers Cooperative:
Consumer cooperatives are organized by consumers that want to achieve better prices or quality in the goods or services they purchase.
Producers Cooperative:
Producer cooperatives are established and operated by producers. Producers can decide to work together or as separate entities to help increase marketing possibilities and production efficiency.
Marketing Cooperative:
Cooperative marketing societies are associations of small producers formed for the purpose of marketing their produce.
Credit Cooperative:
Cooperative credit societies are societies formed for providing short-term financial help to their members.
Housing Cooperative:
These cooperative housing societies are meant to provide residential accommodation to their members on ownership basis or on rent.
Cooperative Farming Societies:
When various farmers in a village pool their land together and agree to; treat the pooled piece of land as one big farm for the purpose of cultivation, purchase the necessary inputs for the cultivation, and market the crops jointly, they are assumed to have formed a cooperative farming society. Such a society, for its proper working elects its office bearers on the basis of one member-one-vote.

A wholesaler provides valuable services to manufacturers, producers, retailers and customers.
Services to Retailers:
(i) Financial Assistance:
Wholesaler provide financial assistance to retailers by selling goods on credit. This is done by allowing credit to retailers purchasing goods from them and makes payment to them after receiving money from their customers. This helps retailers to manage his business with small amount of working capital.
(ii) Meeting the Requirements :
Due to small and lack of space, a retailer cannot hold large variety of products. The wholesaler removes this difficulty by selling the quantity as and when the retailer, what he needs.
(iii) Introduction of New Products:
Wholesalers bring new products and their uses to the notice of retailers. Retailers get the benefit of specialisation and guidance from wholesalers.
(iv) Price Stability:
Wholesalers reduce price fluctuations by adjusting supply and demand and save the retailers from loss may occur due to price fluctuations.
(v) Economy in Transport:
A wholesaler often delivers goods at the doorsteps of retailers and save his time and cost of Transport.
(vi) Regular Supply:
Wholesaler keeps large stock of varieties of goods and provide a regular supply of goods as per the retailer's need. Retailers can purchase as much as they like, from time to time and need not maintain a large stock of goods.

The barter system envisages mutual exchange of one's goods to other without the intervention of money as a medium of exchange. It imposes certain constraints in the smooth flow of trade as explained below.
Lack of Double Coincidence of Wants:
Unless two persons who have surplus have the demand for the goods possessed by each other, barter could not materialize. For instance 'A' is having a surplus of groundnut and 'B' is possessing rice in surplus. In this case A should be in need of rice possessed by B as the latter should desperately need groundnut possessed by A. If this "coincidence of wants" does not exist, Barter cannot take place.
Non-Existence of Common Measure of Value:
Barter system could not determine the value of commodities to be exchanged as they lacked commonly acceptable measures to evaluate each and every commodity. It was difficult to compare the values of all articles in the absence of an acceptable medium of exchange.
Lack of Direct Contact between Producer and Consumers:
It was not possible for buyers and sellers to meet face to face in many contexts for exchanging the commodities for commodities. This hindered the process of barter in all practical sense.
Lack of Surplus Stock:
Absence of surplus stock was one of the impediments in barter system. If the buyers and sellers do not have surplus then no barter was possible.

 Sl. No.    Basis   Domestic Business   International Business    1 Meaning  This represents a document acknowledging the receipt of goods on board for carrying them over to specified port of destination It refers to an agreement to hire a whole or major part of ship when the goods take exported is heavy.   2 Transferable  It can be transferred to third party by endorsement and delivery It cannot be transferred to third party   3 Loan Loan can be raised against it Loan cannot be raised it.   4 Crew Master and crew remain the agent of the ship owner Master and crew become the agent of exporter for a temporary period.   5 Lease It is not a lease of ship It is a lease of ship.