1. Mohammed I succeeded Bahman Shah.
2.There was a decade-long war with Vijayanagar, most of which related to control over the Raichur doab.

The rulers of Warangal and Orissa to facilitate smooth administration, divided the kingdom into four territorial divisions called tarafs, each under a governor.

1.Harihara and Bukka, the eldest sons of one Sangama, earlier serving the Hoysala rulers of Karnataka, asserted their independence and laid foundation for a new kingdom in about 1336
2. Initially their capital was in or near about Anegondi on the north bank of the Tungabhadra river.But soon it was shifted to the Hoysala town Hosapattana (near Hampi) on the south bank.
3. The capital was expanded and renamed Vijayanagara, the city of Victory.

1. The variety of archaeological sources in the form of temples, palaces, forts, mosques, etc. .
2. Numismaticevidence is also available in abundance.

The Vijayanagar kingdom was successively ruled by four dynasties over a period of more than three hundred years:
1. The Sangama dynasty (1336-1485),
2. The Saluva dynasty (1485-1505),
3. The Tuluva dynasty (1505-1570) and
4. The Aravidu dynasty (1570-1650).

The Kannada and Telugu literature, like Manucharitram, Saluvabhyudayam, etc.,
patronized in the Vijayanagar court, give genealogical,political and social information.

1. Turquoise is a semi-precious stone sky blue in colour.
2.Turquoise throne is one of the bejewelled royal seats of Persian kings described in Firdausi's Shah Nama.

Bahman Shah emerged victorious in all these expeditions and assumed the title Second Alexander on his coins.

1. He made very large donations to many ofthe greatest Siva and Vishnu temples of the day- Srisailam, Tirupati, Kalahasti, Kanchipuram, Tiruvannamalai, Chidambaram, etc.

1. The term Nayak is used from thirteenth century onwards in Telugu and Kannada areas in the sense of a military leader or simply soldier.
2. Assigning the revenue of a particular locality to the Nayak for their military service is found in the Kakatiya kingdom during the thirteenth century.
3. This is similar to the iqta system practiced by the Delhi Sultanate at that time.
4. But in the Vijayanagar kingdom the regular assignment of revenue yielding territory in return for military service is clearly found only from about 1500 or a little earlier.

1. From the beginning, both the Bahmani and Vijayangar kingdoms were in constant conflict. The contest for territory, tribute, and the control of horse trade were the major subjects of conflict.
2. Each of them wanted to annex and dominate the fertile area between the Krishna and the Tungabhadra (the Raichur doab). Though neither of them succeeded fully, much bloodshed took place for some transitory success.
3. Some historians argue that religious rivalry between the Hindu Vijayanagar and the Muslim Sultanate was the basic cause of this continuous fight.
4. Actually the Vijayanagar kings fought also with many Hindu, non-Muslim rulers, like those of Warangal, Kondavidu, Orissa, etc., in which Muslim rulers took part as allies sometimes and as enemies on other times.
5. The control of horse trade that passed through Goa and other ports was another reason for the fighting. Horses were necessary for the armies of both sides. In spite of continuous fighting, the Krishna river was more or less the dividing line between the two powers.
6. In coastal Andhra, the power struggle was between the Gajapati kingdom of Orissa and Vijayanagar. Vijayanagar couldnot make much headway until the time of Devaraya II (1422-46), who defeated the Orissan army in some battles.
7. But these conquests were only to extract tribute, and no territory was added. Devaraya II was the greatest ruler of the Sangama dynasty. He strengthened his cavalry by recruiting trained Muslim cavalry for his army and giving archery training to his soldiers.
8. Abdur Razaak, the Persian ambassador who visited the Zamorin of Kochi and the Vijayanagar court during this time states that Devaraya II controlled a vast area. He received tribute from the king of Sri Lanka too.

1. The Raja Krishna Dev of the Kakatiya dynasty with Warangal as capital constructed the Golkonda Fort on a granite hill.
2. During 1495-1496 the fort was handed over to Sultan Kali Kutub Khan as a Jagir (land grant).
3. He reconstructed and rechristened the mud fort into a granite fort and called the place Muhammed Nagar.
4. Later, the Golkonda fort came into the possession of the Bahmani dynasty.
5. Still later, the Qutub Shahi dynasty took over and made Golkonda its capital.
6. Golkonda fort owes much of its present grandeur to Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah, the fifth sultan of Qutb Shahi dynasty.
7. The subsequent generations saw Golkonda being fortified further with several additions and the formation of a beautiful city within.
8. By the 17th century, Golkonda was famous as a diamond market.
9. It gave the world some of the best-known diamonds, including the 'Kohinoor'.
10. The Golkonda Fort is located about 11 kms from Hyderabad on a hill 120 meters hight.
11. The Golkonda Fort is popular for its acoustic architecture.
12. The highest point of the fort is Bala Hissar.
13. There is said to be a secret underground tunnel which leads from the Durbar Hall to one of the palaces at the foot of the hills.

1. Mohammed I succeeded Bahman Shah.
2. There was a decade-long war with Vijayanagar, most of which related to control over the Raichur doab.
3. Neither side gained lasting control over the region, in spite of the huge fatalities in battles.
4. Two bitter wars with Vijayanagar gained him nothing.
5. But his attack on Warangal in 1363 brought him a large indemnity, including the important fortress of Golkonda and the treasured turquoise throne, which thereafter became the throne of the Bahmani kings.
6. Mohammed I established a good system of government that was followed by all the successor sultanates as well as by the Marathas later
7. He appointed a council of eight ministers of state.
8. Vakil-us-saltana or lieutenant of the kingdom, the immediate subordinate of the sovereign.
9. Waziri-kull, who supervised the work of all other ministers;
10. Amir-i-jumla, minister of finance;
11. Wasir-i-ashraf, minister of foreign affairs and master of ceremonies;
12. Nazir, assistant minister for finance;
13. Peshwa who was associated with the lieutenant of the kingdom;
14. Kotwal or chief of police and city magistrate in the capital, and
14. Sadr-i-jahan or chief justice and minister of religious affairs and endowments. He took strong measures for the suppression of highway robbery. Institutional and geographic consolidation under Muhammad Shah laid a solid foundation for the kingdom.
15. He built two mosques at Gulbarga. One, the great mosque, completed in 1367, remainsan impressive building.

1. The Vijayanagar area is concerned there took place migrations of Kannada and Telugu warriors and their followers into Tamil areas and elsewhere.
2. Many of the Nayaka chiefs belong to these language groups. Peasants, artisans and other toiling groups were also part of this migration.
3. The other consequence was the widening gap between the ruling class and the ruled.
4. All the foreign visitors refer to the enormous riches and affluence enjoyed by the rulers, the officials and the upper echelons in the capital cities like Vijayanagar, Bijapur, and the like, in contrast to widespread poverty among the masses.
5. They also refer to the prevalence of slavery.
6. The state had to derive their revenue only by taxing the people.
7. It is found that during the Sangama dynasty when the Vijayanagar rule was extended to new areas, their officers were harsh in tax collection, which provoked the toiling people to rise in revolt. One such revolt took place in 1430 in central parts of Tamil Nadu.
8. This was the revolt in which all the basic producers joined forgetting their caste differences.
9. The revolt took place due to the unjust and arbitrary tax demands of the government including the pradhani (governor), his military bodies, and the landlords.
10. It is said the Vijayanagar Prince intervened and pacified the revolting people by allowing tax reduction .

The Golkonda Fort is located about 11kms from Hyderabad on a hill 120 meters height.

kasaya - vargam -that is- the group that pays taxes in cash

Abdur Razzak, the Persian ambassador, visited Zamorin of Kochi

A is correct, R is not the correct explanation of A

(i) and (ii) are correct

(i) is correct; (ii) is wrong