The introduction of plantation crops and slope cultivation in Ceylon, Mauritius, Fiji, Malaya, the Caribbean islands, Natal and South Africa required enormous labour.

The emperor granted the Diwani (revenue administration) of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the Company.

1. Dadabhai Naoroji in his Poverty and Un- British Rule in India explained how the English rulers were different from the earlier invaders.
2. He said, in the case of former foreign invaders, they plundered and went back.
3. They made, no doubt, great wounds, but India, with her industry, revived and healed the wounds.

1. The British neglected irrigation.
2. The irrigation channels and tanks built by Indian rulers fell into disuse and there was little effort on the part of the Company to undertake repairs or renovation works.
3. In Madras, as we will see in the following section, a few irrigation works were carried out because of the personal enthusiasm of Arthur Cotton, an Engineering officer.

1. The British called Presidency the place where the office of Chief Administrative Head was situated. Madras, Bombay and Calcutta were the three Presidencies.
2. Later when the Presidency became unwieldy for governance, they created provinces like Central and United Provinces.

1. The Regulating Act of 1773 imposed on the court of Directors the legal obligation of informing all revenue transactions of the Company servants to the British Treasury.
2. The Governor and Council consisting of the Commander-in-Chief and two counsellors sat as a Board of Revenue which discussed revenue matters

1. An eye witness (an Englishman) of the terrible famine in the Guntur district of Madras Presidency in 1833 said:
2. 'It is dreadful to see what revolting food human beings may be driven to partake of Dead dogs and horses are greedily devoured by these surviving wretches; and the other day, an unfortunate donkey having strayed from the fort, they fell upon him like a pack of wolves, tore him limb from limb and devoured him on the spot.'

The outbreak of two famines (1833 and 1843) forced the people, without any prompting from the government, to leave for Ceylon to work as coolies in coffee and tea plantations under indentured labour system

Pindaris:
1. Pindaris were freebooters composed of both Muslim and Hindu bands.
2. The Subsidiary Alliance of the Company had led to the disbandment of thousands of soldiers and most of them joined them and swelled their numbers in central India.
3. The British proclaimed Pindari War.
Thuggees:
1. The Thugs were robbers operating between Delhi and Agra from the fourteenth century.
2. They were bound together by oaths and ritual and murdered unsuspecting travellers in the name of the goddess Kali.
3. Bentinck placed William Sleeman in charge of the operation to eliminate the Thuggee menace.
4. Between 1831 and 1837 more than three thousand Thugs were convicted.

1. Cornwallis organized company administration securing the services of William Jones, a judge and an Orientalist.
2. He set up a machinery for the detection and punishment of crime, thereby ending the dual system of government established by Clive.
3. The collection of revenue was separated from administration and justice.
4. He deprived the collectors of their judicial function and confined them to revenue collection.
5. Civil and criminal courts were thoroughly reorganized.
6. At the top of the judicial system were the Sadar Diwani Adalat and the Sadar Nizamat Adalat.

1. The Diwan's duty included the collection of revenue and the control of civil justice.
2. The Nizam's function was to exercise military power and to dispense criminal justice
3. Thus the Company acquired the real power, while the responsibility of administration was with the Nawab.
4. This arrangement is called Dual System or Double government or Dyarchy.

1. Land revenue was the mainstay of the British Indian government's fiscal system. Therefore, in their effort to extend the areas of cultivable land, forests were destroyed.
2. Zamins were created out of Jungle Mahal forests and auctioned off for regular cultivation.
3. The original inhabitants of this region, the Santhals were evicted. Therefore it was the Santhals who were the first tribal group to resist the British rule in India.
4. Slope cultivation was encouraged in the hilly and mountainous tracts. Land was provided to European enterprises at a throwaway price for slope cultivation.
5. Further, in their enthusiasm to try plantation crops, zamindars and Indian rulers destroyed the forests.
5. Coffee, for instance, did not grow in many places. Yet in the process of attempting coffee cultivation large tracts of virgin forests were destroyed.
6. Timber came to be exploited with the massive construction of the railway system. In the 1870s, it was calculated that every year one million sleepers were needed to build railway tracks.
7. Indian trees, particularly sal, deodar.and teak, were preferred for their strength over other Indian timbers. These three species were intensively exploited
8. Much sal was extracted from the forests of the Jungle Mahals of WestBengal and Bihar. Timber went to England too for the building of railways
9. The myth that India's forests were inexhaustible was exploded.
10. It was in this background that the colonial state, in order to manage and control forest resources, started the Forest Department and passed the Indian Forest Act, 1865.

1. The Subsidiary System increased the military resources and efficiency of the Company government.
2. The immediate result of this system was the discharge of thousands of professional soldiers by the political powers. The disbanded soldiers indulged in freebooting activities.
3. Pindaris (marauders) began to swell on account of the Subsidiary System.
4. In view of the guaranteed support to the Princes by the Company, the protective States mal-administered and paved the way for the annexation.

A is correct R is not the correct explanation of A.

A is correct; R is the correct explanation of A

High machine-made British goods led to the flooding of Indian markets.