1. This period, invasion of Ayodhya (Saketa) and further east into the Magadha territory.
2. However, since the Greeks seem to have been beset by internal dissensions, they did not retain any of this territory.
3. They ceded land to Pushyamitra, the Sunga emperor who had usurped the throne after the last Mauryan ruler.
4. Numismatic evidence also proves Demetrius's association with India.
5. He issued bi-lingual square coins with Greek on the obverse and Kharoshti (the local language of north-western Pakistan) on the reverse.

1. The period between the Sangam Age and the Pallava-Pandya period, roughly between c. 300 CE and 600 CE, is known as the age of Kalabhras in the history of Tamizhagam.
2. A group of inscriptions found at Pulangurichi in Sivagangai district datable to about the middle of the fifth century, name two kings. They are Chendan and Kurran. Though there is no mention about their family or dynasty name, some scholars identify them as Kalabhra rulers.
3. The Kalabhra kingdom seems to have been uprooted by Pandyas around the third quarters of sixth century CE.

The concept of polity developed in the Rig Vedic time.
1. Various units of habitation and divisions such as the janas, vis, gana, grama and kula are referred to in the Rig Veda.
2. The polity of the Rig Vedic period was that of a tribal society.
3. The chief of the tribe was the main political head and he was called rajan.
4. The purohita or priest offered advice to the king. Senani was the chief of army.
5. The officer who controlled the territory was called Vrajapati.
6. He helped the kulapas or heads of fighting groups called gramini.
7. Gramini was the head of the village and fighting unit.

The planned towns of Harappa
1. A civic authority perhaps controlled the planning of the towns.
2. The Harappans used baked and unbaked bricks, and stones for construction.
3. The towns had a grid pattern and drainages were systematically built.
4. The houses were built of mud bricks while the drainages were built with burnt bricks.
5. Houses had more than one floor.
The planned towns of Mohenjo-Daro
1. The site of Mohenjo-Daro had a planned town, built on a platform.
2. It has two distinct areas.
3. One is identified as a citadel and another as the lower town.
4. The houses had bathrooms paved with burnt bricks and proper drains.
5. Some houses had stairs indicating the existence of an upper floor.
6. The houses had multiple rooms. 
7. Many of the houses had a central courtyard with rooms all around.

Perhaps the most detailed account of the administration is to be found in the Arthasastra (though the work itself is now dated to a few centuries later). However, it must be remembered that the Arthasastra was a prescriptive text, which laid down the guidelines for good administration. If we add to this the information from Ashoka's edicts and the work of Megasthenes, we get a more comprehensive picture of the Mauryan state as it was.

1. Wild plants and animals grow naturally and independently.
2. When they are domesticated, their lifestyle and physical characteristics (such as self-propagation) change.
3. The seeds of domestic plants become smaller in size. In the case of domesticated animals, they lose their ferociousness.

1. Boats came in from the interior carrying rice and took back fish, which indicates a kind of barter trade in the primary consumption goods.
2. At the same time, sacks of pepper were brought to the market and were exchanged for gold, which came in the ships, which in turn, was transported on barges to the shore.

The defining event of Ashoka's rule was his campaign against Kalinga (present-day Odisha) in the eighth year of his reign. This is the only recorded military expedition of the Mauryas. The number of those killed in battle, those who died subsequently, and those deported ran into tens of thousands. The campaign had probably been more ferocious and brutal than usual because this was a punitive war against Kalinga, which had broken away from the Magadha Empire (the Hathigumpha inscription speaks of Kalinga as a part of the Nanda Empire). Ashoka was devastated by the carnage advised and aided by Chanakya, known for political manoeuvring, in governing his empire.

1. The Rig Veda refers to Arya varna and Dasa varna. The Dasas and Dasyus were conquered and treated as slaves
2. Social classes were classified as warriors, priests and common people. Sudras as a category of people appeared at the end of the Rig Vedic period.

1. The word was derived from the Persian word yauna, which referred to Greeks.
2. In India the term yavana was used to denote all persons of Greek origin, including those of mixed race and even the Phoenicians.

The Janas who migrated eastwards began to settle down in various regions. The loyalty of the people shifted from jana (tribe or clan) to Janapada (territory). Janapada literally meant the place where the tribe sets its foot upon.

The industries of Palaeolithic cultures are divided into the Early, Middle and Late Acheulian Industries.

Adukotpattu Cheralathan
Father - Kudakko Cheralathan
Mother - Velaavi komaan's daughter (Paduman) Devi
Capital: Thondi
Period of Rule : 25 years - (A.D. 19-44)

1. A Buddhist temple was built in Nagapattinam at the request of a Chinese ruler during the reign of Palla va king Narasimhavarman II (CE 695-722).
2. In CE 1006,during the reign of Rajaraja I, Srivijay King Mara-vijayottunggavarman built a Buddhist temple in Nagapattinam.