1. The middle class consisted of small Mansabdars, petty shopkeepers, hakims (doctors), musicians, artists, petty officials of Mughal administration.
2. There was a salaried class, and received grants called Madad-i-Mash from the Mughal emperor, local rulers and zamindars.

1. Mughal miniatures are an important part of the museums of the world.
2. Ancient Indian painting traditions kept alive in provinces like Malwa and Gujarat along with the central Asian influences created a deep impact in the world of painting.
3. The masters of miniature painting ,Abdu's Samad and Mir Sayyid Ali, who had come to India from Central Asia along with Humayun inspired Indian painters.

(a) Sikhism
1. Sikhism originated as a popular monotheistic movement, arid evolved into one of the recognised religions of the world.
2. Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of Sikhs, contained the sayings of Muslim saint Shaikh Farid and of Bhakti poets such as Namdev, Kabir, Sain and Ravidas.
(b) Sufism
1. India was a fertile soil for the prevalence of Sufism or Muslim mysticism that had its origin in Iran. It was accepted by the orthodox theologians as long as it fulfilled the obligations of the shariah.
2. Sufism played a key role in creating religious harmony.

(a) William Hawkins
In 1611, King James I obtained from Mughal Emperor Jahangir through William Hawkins, permission for regular trade. The English obtained some trading privileges in Surat.
(b) Sir Thomas Roe
1. In 1615-19 Sir Thomas Roe was sent as an Ambassador of the English King James I.
2. The Viceroy of Gujarat, Prince Khurram granted trading privileges, but the British could not operate freely because the Portuguese exercised a powerful influence in the region.

The Ottomans (Turkish people practicing Sunni Islam) forced Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, the ruler of Samarkand, to seek his career prospects elsewhere.

Battle of Chanderi, 1528
1. The next significant battle that ensured Babur's supremacy over the Malwa region was fought against Medini Rai at Chanderi.
2. Following this victory Babur turned towards the growing rebellious activities of Afghans.

1. Akbar provided a systematic and centralised system of administration which contributed to the success of the empire.
2. He introduced the Mansabdari system.
3. The nobles, civil and military officials combined into one single service with each officer receiving the title of Mansabdar.
4. Mansabdar rank was divided into Zat and Sawar.
5. The former determined the number of soldiers each Mansabdar received ranging from 10 to 10,000. The latter determined the number of horses under a Mansabdar.
6. Each officer could rise from the lowest to the highest ranks. Promotions and demotions were made through additions or reductions of Mansabs.
7. The Mansabdari system diversified the ethnic base of his nobility.

1. Akbar felt that behind the multiplicity of names there in religion was but God is one.
2. The exact word used by Akbar and Badauni to illustrate the philosophy of Akbar is Tauhid-i-Ilahi namely Din Ilahi.
3. Tauhid-i-Ilahi literally meant divine monotheism.

1. Architectural progress during the Mughals is a landmark in world art.
2. Mughal buildings were noted for the massive structures decorated with bulbous domes, splendorous minarets, cupolas in the four comers, elaborate designs, and pietra dura (pictorial mosaic work).
3. The mosques built during the time of Babur and Humayun are not of much architectural significance.
4. During Akbar's reign, Humayun's tomb was enclosed with gardens and placed on a raised platform.
5. Built by Indian artisans and designed by Persian architects it set a pattern to be followed in the future.
6. The Agra fort built with red sandstone is a specimen where Rajput architectural styles were also incorporated.
7. The new capital city of Akbar Fatehpur Sikri enclosed within its walls several inspiring buildings.
8. The magnificent gateway to Fatehpur Sikri, the Buland Darwaza, built by Akbar with red sandstone and marble is considered to be a perfect architectural achievement.
9. The mausoleum of Akbar and completed by Jahangir includes some Buddhist architectural elements.
10. The tomb of Itimad-ud-daula, father of Nurjahan, built by Jahangir was the first Mughal building built completely with white marble.
11. "Mughal architecture reached its apex during the reign of Shah Jahan.
12. The Taj Mahal is a marble structure on an elevated platform, the bulbous dome in the centre rising on a recessed gateway with four cupolas around the dome and with four free-standing minarets at each of its comers is a monument of universal fame.
13. The Red Fort in Delhi, encompassed by magnificent buildings like Diwan-i Aam, Diwan-i-Khas, Moti Mahal and Hira Mahal reflect the architectural skills of the times of Shah Jahan.
14. The Moti Masjid inside the Agra Fort made exclusively of marble, the Jama Masjid in Delhi, with its lofty gateway, series of domes and tall and slender minarets are the two significant mosques built by Shah Jahan.
15. He also established a new township, Shah jahanabad (present-day Old Delhi) where Red Fort and Jama Masjid are located.
16. Aurangzeb's reign witnessed the construction of Badshahi mosque in Lahore and the marble tomb of Rabia ud daurani, known as Bibi-ka-maqbara (Tomb of the Lady) at Aurangabad.
17. The Shalimar Gardens of Jahangir and Shah Jahan are showpieces of Indian horticulture.
18. Mughal architecture influenced even temple construction in different parts of the country.
19. The temple of Govind Dev at Vrindavan near Mathura and Bir Singh's temple of Chaturbhuj at Orchchaa (Madhya Pradesh) display Mughal influence.

1. The Deccan policy of Aurangzeb was motivated by the policy of containing the growing influence of the Marathas, the rebellious attitude of the Shia kingdoms of Deccan like Golkonda and Bijapur and to curtail the rebellious activities of his son Akbar who had taken refuge in the Deccan.
2. Aurangzeb came to the Deccan in 1682 and remained in the Deccan till his death in 1707. The Adil Shahi ruler Sikkandar Adil Shah of Bijapur resisted the different forces sent by Aurangzeb.
3. Aurangzeb first sent his son Azam Shah (1685) but to no avail. Then he sent another son, Shah Alam to capture Bijapur.
4. Though Bijapur Sultan, a Shia Muslim, ably defended the fort, he lost in the end, because Aurangzeb himself entered the battlefield and inspired his forces to fight to the finish.
5. Golkonda was captured in 1687 after defeating the ruler Abul Hasan.

1. The Ain-i-Akbari lists the various crops cultivated during the Rabi and Kharif seasons.
2. Tobacco and maize were introduced in the seventeenth century.
3. Chilli and groundnut came later. Pineapple was introduced in the sixteenth century.
4. Grafted varieties of mango came to be developed by the Portuguese.
5. Potato, tomato and guava came later. Indigo was another important commercial crop during the Mughal period.
6. Sericulture underwent spectacular growth in Bengal to the extent that it became the chief supplier of silk to world trade.
7. The farmers were compelled to pay land tax they had to sell the surplus in the market.
8. The land tax was a share of the actual produce and was a major source of revenue for the Mughal ruling class.
9. The administration determined the productivity of the land and assessed the tax based on the total measurement.
10. Akbar promulgated the Zabt System (introduced by Todal Mal): money revenue rates were now fixed on each unit of area according to the crops cultivated.
11. The schedules containing these rates for different localities applicable year after year were called dasturs.
12. The urban economy was based on craft industry. Cotton textile industry employed large numbers of people as cotton carders, spinners, dyers, printers and washers. Iron, copper, diamond mining and gun making were other chief occupations.
13. Kharkhanas were workshops where expensive craft products were produced. The royal kharkhanas manufactured articles for the use of the royal family and nobility.
14. The excess production of the artisans was diverted to the merchants and traders for local and distant markets.

A is correct; R is the correct explanation of A.