Invasions, floods and shifting of the river course are also cited as reasons for the ruin of Indus civilisation.

The Great Bath is a tank situated within a courtyard. The corridors were present on all four sides and stairs are seen on the northern and southern sides. It was well paved with several adjacent rooms.

Harappan culture is divided into various phases:
1. Early Harappan 3000-2600 BCE
2. Mature Harappan 2600-1900 BCE
3. Late Harappan 1900-1700 BCE.

The Indus people worshipped nature.
1. They worshipped the pipal tree.
2. Some of the terracotta figures appear to be mother goddess.
3. Fire altars have been identified at Kalibangan.
4. They buried the dead. Burials were made elaborately and evidence of cremation is also reported.
5. The Harappan burials have pottery, ornaments,jewellery, copper mirrors and beads.

Craft production was an important part of the Harappan economy.
1. Bead and ornament making, shell bangle making and metal working were the major crafts.
2. They made beads and ornaments out of carnelian, jasper, crystal, and steatite, metals like copper, bronze and gold and shell, faience and terracotta or burnt clay.
3. The beads were made in innumerable designs and decorations.

1. Sutkagen-dor in the west on the Pakistan-Iran border;
2. Shortugai (Afghanistan) in the north;
3. Alamgirpur (Uttar Pradesh, India) in the east and
4. Daimabad (Maharashtra,India) in the south are the boundaries of this civilisation.
5. Its core area was In the regions of Pakistan, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Haryana.

1. The civilisation that appeared in the northwestern part of India and Pakistan in third millennium BCE is collectively called the Indus Civilisation.
2. Since Harappa was the first site to be identified in this civilisation, it is also known as Harappan Civilisation.
3. This civilisation did not appear all of a sudden. The beginnings of the Neolithic villages in this region go back to about 7000 BCE at the Neolithic site of Mehrgarh.
4. Harappan culture is divided into various phases:
5. Early Harappan 3000-2600 BCE
6. Mature Harappan 2600-1900 BCE
7. Late Harappan 1900-1700 BCE
8. The Indus valley site of Harappa was first visited by Charles Mason in 1826, and Amri by Alexander Burnes in 1831.
9. Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan), Mohenjo-Daro (Sindh, Pakistan), Dholavira, Lothal, and Surkotada (Gujarat, India), Kalibangan and Banawali (Rajasthan, India), and Rakhigarhi (Haryana, India) are the major cities in the Harappan period.

1. The Neolithic cultures of South India have been found mainly in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka and the north-western part of Tamil Nadu.
2. These sites have been spotted in the river valleys of Godavari, Krishna, Pennaru, Tungabhadra and Kaveri.
3. Sanganakallu, Tekkalakota, Brahmagiri, Maski, Piklihal, Watkal, Hemmige and Hallur in Karnataka, Nagarjunakonda, Ramapuram and Veerapuram in Andhra Pradesh and Paiyyampalli in Tamil Nadu are the major Neolithic sites in South India.
4. Utnur and Palvoy in Andhra Pradesh and Kodekal, Kupgal and Budihal in Karnataka feature ash mound sites.
5. Soft ash and decomposed cow dung layers are also found at this site.
6. The evidence of habitation in the form of houses and burials are found around the ash mounds.
7. Utnur and Palvoy in Andhra Pradesh and Kodekal, Kupgal and Budihal in Karnataka feature ash mound sites.