Liana is a vine that is perennial and woody. Liana's are major components in the tree canopy layer of some tropical forests. Example: Venti/ago, Entada, Bougainvillea.

i) This is a underground stem grows horizontally with several lateral growing tips.
ii) Rhizome posses conspiquous nodes and internodes covered by scale leaves.
Example: Zingiber officinaIe, Canna, Curcuma longa, Maranta arundinacea, Nymphaea, Nelumbo.

Plants growing on land are called terrestrial plants. The following table illustrate the types of terrestrial plants classified based on their environmental adaptation.

1. Stem is positively phototropic and negatively geotropic.
2. Stem has well-developed nodes and internodes.

Primary root is direct prolongation of the radicle. In most dicots it persists and forms the main root of the plant or Tap root forming the Tap root system.

The study of various external features of the organism is known as morphology. Plant morphology also known as external morphology deals with the study of shape, size and structure of plants and their parts (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds). Study of morphology is important in taxonomy. Morphological features are important in determining productivity of crops. Morphological characters indicate the specific habitats of living as well as the fossil plants and help to correlate the distribution in space and time of fossil plants. Morphological features are also significant for phylogeny.
Plant Morphology can be studied under two broad categories:
(i) Vegetative morphology - It includes shoot system and root system.
(ii) Reproductive morphology - It includes Flower / inflorescence, Fruit and Seed.

In legumes, leaf base becomes broad, thick and swollen which is known as pulvinus. Eg: Clitoria, Lablab

These are thick roots growing obliquely from the basal nodes of the main stem. These provide mechanical support. Eg: Saccharum officinarum, Zea mays.

Leaves may stay and function for few days to many years, largely determined *y the adaptations to climatic conditions. Cauducuous (Fagaceous): Falling off soon after formation. e.g., Opuntia and Cissus quadrangularis.
Deciduous: FaIling at the end of growing season so that the plant (tree or shrub) is leafless in winter/summer season. e.g., Maple, Plumeria, Launea and Erythrina. Evergreen: Leaves persist throughout the year, falling regularly so that tree is never leafless. e.g., Mimusops and Calophyllum. Marcescent: Leaves not falling but withering on the plant as in several members of Fagaceae.

Epiphytic or velamen root: Some epiphytic orchids develop a special kind of aerial roots which hang freely in the air. These roots develop a spongy tissue called velamen which helps in absorption of moisture from the surrounding air. eg. Vanda, Dendrobium, Aerides.
Foliar root: Roots are produced from the veins or lamina of the leaf for the formation of new plant. eg. Bryophyllum, Begonia, Zamioculcas.
Sucking or Haustorial roots: These roots are found. in parasitic plants. Parasites develop adventitious roots from stem which penetrate into the tissue of the host plant and suck nutrients. eg. Cuscuta (dodder), Cassytha, Orobanche (broomrape), Viscum(mistletoe), Dendrophthoe.
Photosynthetic or assimilatory roots: Roots of some climbing or epiphytic plants develop chlorophyll and turn green which help in photosynthesis. eg. Tinospora, Trapa natans (water chestnut), Taeniophyllum.